<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6886076941189282716</id><updated>2009-10-13T08:59:10.183-07:00</updated><title type='text'>belajar itu indah</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>farhan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13737463715496313059</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>8</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6886076941189282716.post-5921906992418962471</id><published>2008-09-19T08:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-25T08:09:11.962-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Es di Greenland dan Global Warming</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;code&gt; &lt;/code&gt;&lt;div class="fullpost"&gt;  &lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;code&gt; &lt;/code&gt;&lt;div class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;code&gt; &lt;div class="fullpost"&gt; &lt;/code&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tahun 2006, Greenland mengalami hari-hari mencairnya salju pada ketinggian yang lebih tinggi dibanding ketinggian rata-rata selama 18 tahun. Hasil pengamatan harian menunjukkan mencairnya salju di lapisan es Greenland mengalami peningkatan setiap harinya. &lt;p&gt;Monitoring terhadap pelelehan saju di lapisan es Greenland secara harian dilakukan dengan Special Sensor Microwave Imaging radiometer (SSM/I) yang berada di pesawat ruang angkasa Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. Sensor akan mengukur sinyal elektromagnetik yang dipancarkan lapisan es dan mendeteksi lelehan salju yang terjadi lebih dari 10 hari lebih lama dari rata-rata yang terjadi pada area tertentu di Greenland.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;code&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/code&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dengan adanya hasil pengamatan satelit secara periodik memberikan data dan informasi yang akan membantu para peneliti untuk mengetahui kecepatan alir glacier, banyaknya air dari salju yang mencair dan bergabung dengan lautan disekitarnya, juga untuk mengetahui seberapa banyak radiasi Matahari yang akan dipantulkan kembali ke atmosfer.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="imagecaptioneasy imagecaptioneasy_right" style="width: 136px;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://langitselatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/178067main1_tedesco2_sm.jpg" title="Credit: NASA/Robert Simmon and Marit Jentoft-Nilsen. Jumlah hari dimana terjadi pelelehan di tahun 2006 berada di atas rata-rata proses pelelehan di tahun 1988-2005. Area merah gelap mingindikasikan anomali jumlah hari yang berada di atas rata-rata.  " alt="Jumlah hari dimana terjadi pelelehan di tahun 2006 berada di atas rata-rata proses pelelehan di tahun 1988-2005. Area merah gelap mingindikasikan anomali jumlah hari yang berada di atas rata-rata.  Credit: NASA/Robert Simmon and Marit Jentoft-Nilsen" align="right" height="243" width="136" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Jumlah hari dimana terjadi pelelehan di tahun 2006 berada di atas rata-rata proses pelelehan di tahun 1988-2005. Area merah gelap mingindikasikan anomali jumlah hari yang berada di atas rata-rata. Credit: NASA/Robert Simmon and Marit Jentoft-Nilsen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Salju kering dan basah memang terlihat sama jika dilihat untuk pertama kalinya. Tapi salju yang basah dan salju yang mengalami pembekuan kembali, memiliki tingkat penyerapan radiasi sinar Matahari yang lebih tinggi, dan hanya memantulkan 50-60 persen ke atmosfer. Sedangkan salju kering, memantulkan kembali 85 % radiasi Matahari. Dengan kata lain, salju yang meleleh akan menyerap 3-4 kali energi yang sama dibanding salju kering. Ini tentu akan memberi pengaruh yang besar pada persediaan energi di Bumi. &lt;p&gt;Mencairnya salju di Greenland memberi pengaruh yang sangat besar terhadap luas lapisan es yang terus berkurang dan terhadap tinggi dan dalam lautan diseluruh dunia. Sebagian air yang dihasilkan dari salju yang mencair juga akan mengalir kedalam glacier melalui patahan-patahan dan alur lubang vertikal (moulin), kemudian mencapai lapisan batuan dibawahnya dan melubrikasi (meminyaki, mencairkan) lapisan es diatasnya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pengamatan dan studi yang dilakukan sebelumnya oleh Jay Zwally dan Waleed Abdalati dari NASA Goddard menunjukkan, air yang mencair pada musim panas pada dasar lapisan es bisa meningkatkan gerak es dan menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan level lautan (tinggi dan dalamnya) dengan sangat cepat. Fenomena ini akan mempercepat terjadinya pemanasan global.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="imagecaptioneasy imagecaptioneasy_nowrap" style="width: 277px;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://langitselatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/400px-glaciar_moulin.jpg" alt=" Gambar skematik permukaan glacial yang mengilustrasikan bagaimana moulins mentransport air ke dasar glacier. credit : NASA." height="214" width="277" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt; Gambar skematik permukaan glacial yang mengilustrasikan bagaimana moulins mentransport air ke dasar glacier. credit : NASA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;sumber : &lt;a href="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/snowmelt_greenland.html" target="_blank"&gt;NASA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/snowmelt_greenland.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt; &lt;/code&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/snowmelt_greenland.html" target="_blank"&gt;  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/snowmelt_greenland.html" target="_blank"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6886076941189282716-5921906992418962471?l=falcomfire.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/feeds/5921906992418962471/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6886076941189282716&amp;postID=5921906992418962471' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/5921906992418962471'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/5921906992418962471'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/2008/09/es-di-greenland-dan-global-warming.html' title='Es di Greenland dan Global Warming'/><author><name>farhan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13737463715496313059</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='12294366802893612215'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6886076941189282716.post-4801106364690833656</id><published>2008-09-11T09:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-11T09:52:16.565-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Ibn Khaldun dan Sejumlah Observasinya</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 style="text-align: justify;" class="title"&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="article_content"&gt;   &lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tetapi, satu hal yang ingin saya sebut adalah bahwa peradaban Islam pada saat keemasannya tidaklah seperti dibayangkan oleh kaum Islamis “modern” atau pengusung ide khilafah, yakni peradaban yang seluruhnya bertumpu pada syariat Islam, fikih, dan aturan agama yang ketat. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;p&gt;Karya Ibn Khaldun (w. 1406 M) yang sudah “kanonik”, &lt;i&gt;Mukaddimah&lt;/i&gt;, memuat banyak observasi yang masih terasa segar dan relevan hingga saat ini.  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Saya tak habis-habisnya mengagumi karya satu ini; karya yang nyaris mengagetkan bisa muncul dari kalangan sarjana Islam pada era tatkala peradaban Islam sedang pelan-pelan mengalami kemunduran di segala bidang, terutama di bidang pemikiran. Yang lebih mengagetkan lagi, karya ini tidak mendapatkan perhatian yang cukup dari kalangan Islam sendiri yang lebih banyak “terpukau” oleh kajian fikih. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Terus terang, yang membuat nama Ibn Khaldun bersinar terang kembali, antara lain, adalah para orientalis di Barat yang bekerja dengan gigih untuk membongkar “lumbung” intelektual Islam yang kaya sekali ini, tetapi tak seluruhnya disadari oleh kalangan Islam. Franz Rosenthal adalah orientalis pertama yang membuat perhatian terhadap sarjana Islam yang hidup di abad ke-14 ini lewat terjemahannya atas &lt;i&gt;Mukaddimah&lt;/i&gt;, sehingga Ibnu Khaldun bangkit kembali. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Rintisan Rosenthal diteruskan oleh sarjana Muslim asal Irak yang lama mengajar di Universitas Chicago, kemudian diteruskan di Universitas Harvard, Prof. Muhsin Mahdi, melalui kajiannya atas filsafat sejarah Ibn Khaldun. Prof. Mahdi baru meninggal bulan Juli, 2007 dalam usia 81. Minat Prof. Mahdi atas pemikiran Ibn Khaldun, antara lain, diilhami oleh gurunya di Universitas Chicago, Leo Strauss, seorang filsuf dan sarjana besar Yahudi asal Jerman yang juga dikenal karena penelitiannya atas al-Farabi. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Terjemahan “akademis” atas karya ini belum pernah sekalipun dikerjakan di Indonesia. Yang kita punya adalah terjemahan “komersial” (kalau boleh memakai istilah ini) yang dibuat Ahmadi Taha pada pertengahan 80-an dan diterbitkan oleh Pustaka Firdaus, Jakarta. Usaha Ahmadi Taha, bagaimanapun, layak kita hargai di tengah kelangkaan sarjana Muslim Indonesia yang bersedia “belepotan” untuk menerjemahkan karya-karya kanon Islam ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, terutama karya yang tak ada sangkut-pautnya dengan kajian fikih. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Mukaddimah&lt;/i&gt; karya Ibn Khaldun memuat banyak sekali observasi atas “masyarakat manusia” yang, menurut saya, masih terus layak dibaca dan dikaji hingga sekarang. Buku ini adalah salah satu hasil “jenius” dalam sejarah Islam yang sangat mengagumkan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sangat disayangkan bahwa karya besar ini sama sekali tak memperoleh perhatian di kalangan pesantren. Kajian Islam di pesantren atau umumnya lembaga-lemabaga pendidikan Islam yang cenderung berpusat pada “ilmu-ilmu ortodoks” (fikih, hadis, tafsir) layak diperluas dengan melibatkan karya-karya “non-ortodoks” seperti karya Ibn Khaldun ini. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Membaca buku ini, menurut saya, sangat nikmat dan lezat bukan sekedar karena di sana kita bisa menjumpai analisis Ibn Khaldun yang tajam terhadap sejumlah gejala sosial pada zamannya, tetapi terlebih lagi karena mutu bahasanya yang sangat baik dan cemerlang. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Karena urusan penulisan paper kelas, saya dipaksa membaca kembali &lt;i&gt;Mukaddimah&lt;/i&gt; karya Ibn Khaldun. Saya terpukau dengan sejumlah observasi cemerlang yang saya temukan dalam buku ini. Dalam tulisan ini, saya ingin membagi apa yang saya baca dengan teman-teman yang kebetulan memiliki minat terhadap pemikiran Islam klasik. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Salah satu observasi Ibn Khaldun yang menarik adalah mengenai hubungan antara “ulama” dan “politik”. Kata ulama di sini sebaiknya tak usah dikaitkan dengan istilah “ulama” dalam, misalnya, Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). Sebab yang dimaksud Ibn Khaldun dengan istilah ini jauh lebih luas. Dalam pemakaian modern, istilah ulama sebagaimana kita jumpai dalam karya Ibn Khaldun, terutama dalam bab yang saya bahas ini, paralel dengan isitlah “intelektual”, “cendekiawan”, atau “philosophe” sebagaimana dipakai di dalam tradisi Prancis. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Yang menarik adalah judul bab yang membahas mengenai masalah ini, “Fasal ke-34, perihal bahwa ulama, di antara manusia yang lain, adalah mereka yang paling jauh dari politik dengan seluruh cabang-cabangnya” (&lt;i&gt;Fi anna al-ulama’ min bain al-basyar ab’ad ‘an al-siyasah wa madhahibiha&lt;/i&gt;). (&lt;i&gt;Mukaddimah&lt;/i&gt;, cetakan Kairo, tanpa tahun, hal. 542). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Menurut Ibn Khaldun, ulama (baca: intelektual, cendekiawan) cenderung jauh, atau menjauhi politik karena watak mereka yang lebih cenderung tenggelam atau menenggelamkan diri dalam dunia ide, dan refleksi intelektual (&lt;i&gt;mu’tadun al-nazar al-fikri wa al-ghaus ‘ala al-ma’ani&lt;/i&gt;). Mereka cenderung melakukan abstraksi, dalam pengertian mencari pola-pola umum dari data-data empirik yang terserak. Minat mereka bukan pada fakta-fakta empirik yang bersifat sporadis dan carut marut, tetapi mencari pola-pola umum, atau apa yang disebut oleh Ibn Khaldun sebagai ”&lt;i&gt;umur kulliyyah ‘ammah&lt;/i&gt;”. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Kerja ulama, dalam pandangan Ibn Khaldun, adalah persis seperti yang ia kerjakan sendiri, yakni melihat sejarah sebagai suatu arena tempat bekerjanya pola-pola besar. Bagi seorang sejarawan, suatu data sejarah kecil di sebuah tempat dan berkenaan dengan masyarakat tertentu, tidaklah terlalu menarik. Sebab, yang penting bagi dia adalah sebuah pola atau hukum yang bersifat umum. Dengan kata lain, abstraksi pemikiran adalah watak yang melekat pada kerja seorang ulama. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sementara itu, politik, menurut Ibn Khaldun, menuntut sesuatu yang lain. Seorang yang bekerja di sektor politik harus membaca dengan jeli setiap gejala secara spesifik. Seorang “politisi” (istilah ini saya pakai untuk menerjemahkan istilah Ibn Khaldun, “shahib al-siyasah"), “dituntut untuk memperhatikan segala sesuatu yang berkembang di dalam dunia empirik berikut segala hal yang menjadi akibatnya (&lt;i&gt;mura’at ma fi al-kharij wa ma yalhaquha min al-ahwal wa yatba’uha&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Yang menarik adalah bahwa dalam pandangan Ibn Khaldun, setiap peristiwa dalam dunia politik adalah unik, dan karena itu menuntut perlakuan yang khusus. Oleh karena itu, “qiyas” atau “analogi fikih”, cenderung kurang tepat dipakai dalam menangani perkara-perkara politik. Seorang ulama/intelektual yang biasa bekerja dengan “qiyas”, pola-pola umum, teori, biasanya cenderung gagal dalam sektor politik, karena mereka mengira bahwa suatu pola bisa diterapkan di mana-mana. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selain “qiyas”, Ibn Khaldun juga memakai istilah “muhakah” (harafiah: meniru) yang dalam pemakaian modern bisa kita terjemahkan sebagai “ekstrapolasi”, atau memproyeksikan suatu hukum yang berlaku pada suatu kasus ke kasus-kasus lain. Kerja intelektual para ulama biasanya bertumpu pada “qiyas” dan “muhakah”. Politik tidak bisa diperlakukan dengan cara demikian. Saya kutip kalimat Ibn Khaldun yang menarik: &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;“Suatu keadaan yang berkaitan dengan peradaban tertentu tak bisa dianalogikan dengan keadaan (peradaban) lain, sebab, meskipun boleh jadi mengandung kesamaan dalam satu hal, dua keadaan itu juga mengandung perbedaan dalam segi-segi yang lain. Itulah sebabnya, seorang ulama yang biasa melakukan generalisasi atas suatu hukum dan menganalogikan suatu gejala dengan gejala yang lain, saat mereka menganalisa politik, cenderung menumpahkan gejala-gejala politik itu ke dalam bejana teoritik (&lt;i&gt;qalab andzarihim&lt;/i&gt;) dan sejumlah deduksi mereka yang lain. Karena itu, mereka seringkali melakukan kesalahan.” (hal. 542, baris 14-17). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Yang mengejutkan adalah pengamatan Ibn Khaldun berikut ini. Orang-orang awam yang tak terbiasa dengan “qiyas”, “muhakah”, abstraksi, teori-teori besar memiliki kemungkinan besar untuk sukses dalam politik justru karena mereka bisa memberi perhatian yang cukup pada setiap gejala, dan memperlakukannya sebagai sesuatu yang “einmalig” atau unik. Mereka, orang-orang awam itu, lebih mudah terhindar dari kecenderungan “meng-qiyas-kan” satu gejala dengan gejala yang lain. Sikap “intelektual” kaum awam, kata Ibn Khaldun, adalah seperti seorang perenang di samudra yang selalu awas dan menjaga diri terus dekat dengan pantai, dan tidak keasyikan “lepas” ke tengah lautan sehingga akhirnya tenggelam. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Analisis Ibn Khaldun ini sangat cemerlang karena menangkap perbedaan yang mendasar antara dunia “intelektual” dan dunia “politik”. Pembaca modern akan dengan mudah diingatkan melalui analisis dari abad ke-14 ini kepada analisa serupa dari Julien Benda. Meskipun Ibn Khaldun sama sekali tidak mengatakan bahwa seorang ulama/intelektual yang masuk ke dunia politik sedang melakukan “la trahison des clercs” atau pengkhianatan kaum “klerk” alias ulama. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pengamatan Ibn Khaldun ini juga menarik karena sama sekali meninggalkan tradisi al-Farabi yang justru melihat politik sebagai wiayah kerja “raja-filosof” seperti dalam kerangka pemikiran Plato. Wawasan Ibn Khaldun jelas lebih empirik. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dalam fasal ke-17, Ibn Khaldun mengulas suatu gejala menarik yang muncul dalam setiap peradaban yang telah mencapai suatu taraf kematangan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sebagaimana kita tahu, Ibn Khaldun memakai istilah “‘umran” yang dalam kesarjanaan modern diterjemahkan sebagai “peradaban”. Saya lebih cenderung mengartikan istilah ini sebagai “urbanisme” atau gejala meng-kota. Sebab, apa yang disebut sebagai ‘umran oleh Ibn Khaldun selalu dikaitkan dengan fenomena kota (&lt;i&gt;al-hadhar&lt;/i&gt;) sebagai lawan dari gejala masyarakat badui yang cenderung nomaden. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Judul fasal ini adalah, “Perihal bahwa profesi-profesi akan mengalami penyempurnaan seturut dengan kian sempurna dan menyebarnya gejala urbanisme” (hal. 400-401). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dalam bagian ini, Ibn Khaldun mengemukakan suatu observasi yang menarik yang paralel dengan teori sosiologi modern mengenai “pembagian kerja” dan diferensiasi sosial. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Ia mengatakan bahwa masyarakat yang belum mencapai suatu kematangan dalam urbanisme di mana kota-kotanya belum berkembang (&lt;i&gt;tatamaddan al-madinah&lt;/i&gt;) cenderung untuk memusatkan diri pada usaha untuk mencukupi kebutuhan subsisten, yaitu mengusahakan bahan pangan pokok (&lt;i&gt;al-aqwat&lt;/i&gt;). Setelah tahap ini terlampaui, dan kota-kota mereka kian maju, serta sejumlah bidang pekerjaan (&lt;i&gt;al-a’mal&lt;/i&gt;) mulai muncul, maka pelan-pelan mereka akan mulai memanfaatkan surplus kekayaan yang ada (&lt;i&gt;al-zai’d&lt;/i&gt;) untuk hal-hal yang bersifat kemewahan hidup, “luxuries” (&lt;i&gt;al-kamalat min al-ma’ash&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ada dua aspek yang inheren pada manusia yang menyebabkan terjadinya gejala seperti ini. Pertama, aspek yang menyebabkan manusia berbeda dengan binatang, yaitu intelektualitas (&lt;i&gt;fikr&lt;/i&gt;), dan aspek kehewanan serta nutritif (&lt;i&gt;al-hayawaniyyah wa al-ghidza’iyyah&lt;/i&gt;). Kebutuhan manusia untuk memenuhi tuntutan aspek yang kedua ini biasanya lebih mendesak, dan karena itu harus didahulukan, ketimbang tuntutan aspek yang pertama. Makin berkembang dan canggih perkembangan ‘umran atau urbanisme suatu masyarakat, makin pesat pula perkembangan bidang-bidang profesi dalam masyarakat bersangkutan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Yang menarik, Ibn Khaldun memakai istilah “al-shana’i’”, bentuk plural dari “shani’ah” yang dalam tulisan ini saya terjemahkan sebagai “profesi”. Mungkin terjemahan ini kurang terlalu tepat. Istilah yang mungkin mendekati adalah “craft” atau kerajinan tangan. Jika industrialisasi sudah muncul dalam peradaban Islam saat itu, tentu istilah itu akan tepat kita terjemahkan sebagai “teknologi”. Selain istilah ini, Ibn Khaldun juga memakai istilah lain yang sudah lazim dipakai pada saat itu, yakni “al-’ulum” atau ilmu. Penggunanaan dua istilah ini secara serentak menandakan bahwa Ibn Khaldun sadar mengenai dua aspek dalam ilmu, yakni aspek teoritik dan terapan. Ilmu murni mungkin paralel dengan istilah “al-’ulum”, sementara ilmu terapan adalah sepadan dengan istilah “al-shana’i’”. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Suatu urbanisme yang matang dan berkembang maju, menurut Ibn Khaldun, akan dibarengi oleh perumitan dan pencanggihan di bidang “al-’ulum” dan “al-shana’i’”. Begitu pula saat ‘umran atau urbanisme merosot, kemajuan dalam bidang ilmu dan kerajinan juga akan mengalami kemerosotan pula. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pengamatan Ibn Khaldun ini jelas bukan berasal dari fantasi yang berasal dari “awan”, tetapi berdasarkan pengamatan langsung dia pada “up” dan “down” dari peradaban Islam sendiri. Berdiri pada abad ke-14, Ibn Khaldun memiliki keuntungan dan kemewahan untuk bisa melihat, menganalisis dan menjelaskan jatuh-bangunnya peradaban Islam, dalam cara serupa yang belakangan, dalam era modern, dilakukan oleh sejarawan-sejarawan besar seperti Arnold Toynbee atau, yang lebih populer, Will Durant. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Yang menarik adalah bahwa Ibn Khaldun tidak semata-mata mengembalikan proses jatuh-bangunnya peradaban Islam ini kepada “kehendak Tuhan”, tetapi, dengan teliti dan cermat, dia mencoba mencari proses sosial-historis yang bekerja dalam masyarakat. Ia melihat bahwa perkembangan peradaban tunduk pada suatu hukum atau pola tertentu. Pola ini bekerja pada masyarakat manapun, baik Muslim atau non-Muslim. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Marilah kita ikuti sejumlah detil-detil pengamatan Ibn Khaldun yang mencerminkan sejumlah perkembangan yang ada pada abad ke-14 Masehi. Sementara itu, kita perlu mengetahui, walau secara selintas, semacam “state of the art” dari peradaban Islam pada saat Ibn Khaldun hidup. Sebagaimana kita tahu, Ibn Khaldun hidup dalam rentangan antara 1332 M hingga 1406. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pada saat itu, sekurang-kurangnya ada dua dinasti besar Islam. Pertama adalah dinasti Mamluk di Mesir yang berkuasa antara 1250-1517. Kedua adalah dinasti Usmaniyah yang melanjutkan dinasti Abbasiyah yang runtuh pada 1258. Pada saat Ibn Khaldun hidup, riak-riak pencerahan mulai muncul di Eropa, terutama di Italia. Ibn Khaldun juga hidup tidak lama sebelum pecahnya reformasi dalam agama Kristen. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Contoh urbanisme yang maju pesat yang disebut oleh Ibn Khaldun dalam bukunya ini adalah apa yang ia lihat di Kairo, Mesir, ibu kota dari dinasti Mamluk. Ia menyebut sejumlah profesi yang ada pada saat itu, misalnya “jazzar”, yakni profesi penyembelihan hewan, “dabbagh”, yakni penyamakan atau pengolahan kulit, “kharraz”, yakni semacam usaha pengolahan kulit untuk menjadi bahan pakaian, “sha’igh”, yakni “jewellery” atau pengolahan emas menjadi bahan-bahan perhiasan, “dahhan”, pembuatan parfum, “shaffar”, yakni&lt;br /&gt;pengolahan kuningan, “al-hammami”, yakni usaha mandi uap (semacam industri spa yang sekarang menjamur di Jakarta itu), “al-tabbakh”, yakni usaha restoran, “shamma’”, yakni kerajinan lilin, “al-harras”, usaha yang berkaitan dengan pembuatan permen dan kue. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ibn Khaldun juga menyebut jenis-jenis usaha lain yang menarik, misalnya, jika memakai bahasa sekarang, kursus musik, tari dan memainkan alat-alat perkusi (&lt;i&gt;mu’allim al-ghina’ wa al-raqs wa qar’ al-thubul ‘ala al-tauqi’&lt;/i&gt;). Istilah “qar’ al-thubul ‘ala al-tauqi’” layak mendapat perhatian khusus di sini. Secara harafiah, istilah itu berarti menabuh perkusi sesuai dengan nada nota atau nada musik tertentu. Ini, antara lain, memperlihatkan bahwa ketrampilan memainkan alat musik dengan memakai nota tertentu merupakan bidang yang digemari masyarakat pada saat itu sehingga muncul profesi khusus untuk mengajarkannya. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Bidang pekerjaan lain yang disebut Ibn Khaldun dan penting peranannya dalam reproduksi intelektual Islam pada saat itu adalah “al-warraqun”, yakni profesi penulisan manuskrip buku. Pada saat itu, penggunaan kertas sudah mulai dikenal luas dalam peradaban Islam, sehingga memudahkan penyebaran karya-karya para sarjana Islam. Peran penting dalam penyebaran ini dimainkan oleh seorang “warraq” yang melakukan penyalinan naskah secara manual. Pekerjaan “warraq” bukan sekedar menyalin naskah (&lt;i&gt;intisakh&lt;/i&gt;), tetapi juga “editing” (&lt;i&gt;tashih&lt;/i&gt;) dan penjilidan (&lt;i&gt;tajlid&lt;/i&gt;). Dengan kata lain, profesi “warraq” adalah apa yang sekarang berkembang menjadi “publishing house” atau penerbitan. “Warraq” pada zaman Ibn Khaldun adalah semacam Mizan atau Gramedia pada masa kita saat ini. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ibn Khaldun menyebut perkembangan bidang-bidang ini sebagai cerminan dari apa yang ia sebut sebagai “al-taraf fi al-madinah” atau kemewahan urban. Dia juga mengemukakan suatu pengamatan yang menarik bahwa dalam segi-segi tertentu, kemewahan ini juga kadang-kadang bergerak secara ekstrim. Ibn Khaldun menyebut sejumlah contoh, misalnya: profesi melatih burung dan keledai, sulap, dan berjalan serta menari di atas seutas tali. Deskripsi Ibn Khaldun yang jeli ini langsung membuat saya berkesimpulan bahwa pada saat itu pertunjukan sirkus sudah mulai berkembang. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pada penutup pengamatannya, Ibn Khaldun mengatakan bahwa “kemewahan urban” ini hanya ada di Kairo yang sangat maju saat itu, tetapi tak berkembang di Maghrib atau Tunisia/Maroko, tempat di mana dia tinggal saat itu. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Apa yang bisa kita simpulkan dari pengamatan Ibn Khaldun ini? Tentu ada sejumlah hal menarik yang bisa kita simpulkan dari pengamatan ini. Tetapi, satu hal yang ingin saya sebut adalah bahwa peradaban Islam pada saat keemasannya tidaklah seperti dibayangkan oleh kaum Islamis “modern” atau pengusung ide khilafah, yakni peradaban yang seluruhnya bertumpu pada syariat Islam, fikih, dan aturan agama yang ketat. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Era keemasan peradaban Islam itu juga mengenal sirkus! &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Bangsa-bangsa taklukan (&lt;i&gt; al-maghlub&lt;/i&gt;) biasanya akan meniru kebudayaan dan adat kebiasaan bangsa-bangsa lain yang menaklukkan mereka (&lt;i&gt;al-ghalib&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ini adalah adalah salah satu “hukum sosial” yang dirumuskan dengan sangat menarik oleh Ibn Khaldun dalam karyanya, “Muqaddimah”. Ia mengutarakan observasi ini dalam bab kedua, fasal ke-23. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Judul fasal itu adalah: “Perihal bahwa mereka yang kalah selalu “tergila-gila” untuk meniru mereka yang menang menyangkut ciri-ciri fisik, pakaian, mazhab pemikiran, segala bentuk kebiasaan dan adat mereka” (&lt;i&gt;fi anna al-maghluba mula’ abadan bi al-iqtida’ bi al-ghalibi fi shi’arihi wa ziyyihi wa nihlatihi&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Marilah kita ikuti bagaimana Ibn Khaldun memberikan penjelasan atas fenomena ini. Jiwa (al-nafs) bangsa-bangsa yang ditaklukkan biasanya cenderung memandang bahwa bangsa-bangsa yang menaklukkan mereka memiliki kesempurnaan yang sifatnya “alamiah”. Ketundukan mereka pada bangsa yang menang sama sekali tak dipandang sebagai sesuatu yang timbul karena adanya “penaklukan alamiah” (&lt;i&gt;ghalbun thabi’iyyun&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Dengan kata lain, bangsa yang kalah meniru bangsa yang menang bukan karena adanya “paksaan”, tetapi karena adanya keyakinan pada bangsa yang kalah tersebut bahwa bangsa yang menang, secara “natural”, lebih unggul ketimbang mereka. Jika boleh memakai istilah yang sangat terkenal dari Gramsci, bangsa yang kalah meniru bangsa yang menang karena adanya semacam “persetujuan” atau “consent”. Gramsci menyebutnya sebagai “hegemoni”. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Anggapan pada pihak bangsa yang kalah tentang keunggulan “alamiah” bangsa yang menang oleh Ibn Khaldun disebut sebagai “mughalathah” atau anggapan yang keliru. Saya kira, di sini Ibn Khaldun melihat dengan cermat bagaimana proses penundukan atas bangsa-bangsa berlangsung. Pada tingkat pertama, penundukan itu berlangsung pada level “fisik” yang biasanya melibatkan kekekerasan, entah melalui perang atau agresi. Setelah penundukan lewat sarana kekerasan fisik ini tercapai (oleh Ibn Khaldun disebut sebagai “ghalbun thabi’iyyun"), muncullah penundukan pada level mental. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Di sinilah, bangsa-bangsa yang ditundukkan memiliki anggapan bahwa bangsa yang menang memiliki “keunggulan” secara alamiah atas mereka. Ibn Khaldun memandang bahwa hal semacam ini tidak benar, sebab ketundukan mental hanya merupakan selubung untuk ketundukan pada level fisik. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Peniruan yang dilakukan oleh bangsa-bangsa yang kalah ini berlangsung pada pelbagai aspek, mulai dari pakaian (&lt;i&gt;malbas&lt;/i&gt;), kendaraan (&lt;i&gt;markab&lt;/i&gt;), senjata (&lt;i&gt;silah&lt;/i&gt;), dsb. Ibn Khaldun memberikan contoh atas keadaan yang terjadi di Spanyol. Bangsa Galisia yang beragama Kristen dan tinggal di kawasan barat laut semenanjung Iberia (Spanyol) cenderung meniru adat kebiasaan bangsa Muslim di Andalusia yang saat itu menjadi bangsa yang unggul atau menang. Dalam teks Ibn Khaldun, istilah yang dipakai untuk menyebut bangsa Galisia adalah “al-Jalaliqah”. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Orang-orang Galisia meniru bangsa Muslim dalam banyak hal, mulai dari mode pakaian, pembuatan lukisan mural (&lt;i&gt;rasm al-tamatsil fi al-judran&lt;/i&gt;), hingga lukisan biasa yang dipajang di rumah, begitu rupa sehingga siapapun yang melihat keadaan itu akan tahu bahwa mereka “ditaklukkan” (secara mental) oleh bangsa Muslim. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ibn Khaldun menyebut suatu peribahasa yang dikenal luas dalam masyarakat saat itu, “al-’ammah ‘ala din al-malik”, orang-orang awam biasanya mengikuti “din” atau kebiasaan para raja-raja yang menundukkan mereka. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Yang menarik adalah bahwa Ibn Khaldun melakukan observasi ini dengan “dingin” tanpa memberikan suatu penilaian yang sifatnya normatif. Saya membaca observasi Ibn Khaldun ini sebagai semacam “hukum sosial” yang bisa berlaku kepada siapa saja, baik bangsa Muslim atau non-Muslim. Jika yang unggul adalah umat Islam, maka umat lain akan cenderung meniru mereka. Begitu pula sebaliknya, saat bangsa di luar Islam unggul, tak pelak bangsa-bangsa Muslim akan meniru mereka pula. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Yang patut mendapat perhatian kita dalam observasi Ibn Khaldun ini adalah bahwa ketundukan bangsa yang kalah mula-mula terjadi karena “kekerasan” fisik yang dipakai oleh bangsa yang menang. Tanpa kekerasan ini, maka ketundukan mental atau “hegemoni” tak akan berlangsung. Seperti Machiavelli, Ibn Khaldun melihat “kekuasaan fisik” sebagai fakta sosial yang harus dilihat dan dianalisis dengan dingin. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Apa implikasi dari observasi Ibn Khaldun ini? Saya menangkap suatu implikasi yang sama sekali mengagetkan dari observasi ini. Yakni, jika bangsa Galisia atau bangsa non-Muslim lain meniru kebiasaan orang Islam yang kebetulan menjadi bangsa pemenang saat itu, maka hal itu bukanlah karena mereka melihat adanya keunggulan pada Islam sebagai suatu agama, tetapi karena pertama-tama bangsa Muslim memakai kekerasan fisik untuk menundukkan mereka. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Jangan lupa hukum yang diperkenalkan oleh Ibn Khaldun: ketundukan mental dimungkinkan karena adanya kekerasan fisik atau “ghalbun thabi’iyyun”. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ibn Khaldun bukan saja seorang sejarawan yang bekerja dengan konsep dan kategori besar, tetapi juga sangat “rajin” melihat hal-hal yang sangat kecil. Pada Ibn Khaldun kita melihat kombinasi yang menarik antara studi sejarah dan sosiologi, suatu pendekatan yang, kita tahu semua, pernah dikembangkan dengan amat baik di Indonesia oleh alm. Prof. Sartono Kartodirdjo, sejarawan terkenal dari UGM. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Dalam bab kelima, fasal ke-22, Ibn Khaldun mengemukakan suatu obeservasi yang menarik berkenaan dengan perkembangan profesi (&lt;i&gt;shina’ah&lt;/i&gt;) yang ada pada zamannya. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Judul fasal itu adalah “Perihal bahwa seseorang yang memiliki kecakapan dalam bidang tertentu, amat jarang bahwa orang yang sama akan memiliki kecakapan dalam tingkat yang sama di bidang yang lain” (&lt;i&gt;fi man hashalat lahu malakah fi shina’ah fa qalla an yujida ba’du fi malakah ukhra&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Pengamatan Ibn Khaldun ini didasarkan pada suatu teori pengetahuan tertentu, atau tepatnya teori mengenai proses kejiwaan. Menurut dia, makin seseorang mendekati keadaan “alamiah”, yakni keadaan ketika seseorang belum mengalami proses belajar untuk memperoleh kecakapan tertentu, maka makin mudahlah ia untuk mempelajari kecakapan tersebut. Sebaliknya, jika ia telah mempelajari suatu kecakapan tertentu, maka ia akan sulit untuk mempelajari kecakapan lain dalam derajat kecanggihan yang sama. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kecapakan, dalam pandangan Ibn Khaldun, adalah semacam “warna”. Jika jiwa manusia boleh kita analogikan dengan sebuah kanvas, maka jiwa tersebut tak bisa menerima sejumlah warna secara serentak. Kalaupun ada sejumlah warna dituangkan di sana, maka salah satu akan tampak menonjol, sementara yang lain hanyalah menjadi semacam latar belakang. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Observasi Ibn Khaldun ini, jelas, bukan ia peroleh dari “meditasi” di perpustakaan, tetapi berdasarkan apa yang ia lihat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, terutama dalam konteks sejumlah kota besar yang berkembang pada zamannya di mana “’umran” atau urbanisme mencapai tahap yang sangat canggih. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Ibn Khaldun memberikan contoh: jika seseorang mencapai suatu keunggulan dalam bidang kecakapan jahir-menjahit (&lt;i&gt;khayyath/khiyathah&lt;/i&gt;), begitu rupa sehingga kecakapan itu meresap dengan mendalam dalam dirinya (&lt;i&gt;rasakhat fi nafsihi&lt;/i&gt;), maka ia amat sulit sulit untuk bisa unggul dalam, misalnya, bidang pertukangan kayu atau bangunan (&lt;i&gt;nijarah/bina’&lt;/i&gt;). Kecuali jika dia belum begitu menguasai dengan benar kecakapan menjahir, maka ia bisa belajar kecakapan pertukangan dengan mudah. Tetapi, begitu satu kecakapan telah meresap dengan mendalam dalam dirinya, ia sulit mengusirnya, dan menggantinya dengan kecakapan baru. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hal ini, menurut Ibn Khaldun, bukan saja berlaku pada sejumlah ilmu terapan yang mengandaikan pekerjaan tangan, tetapi juga pada ilmu-ilmu yang lebih bersifat konseptual. Jika seseorang menguasai “kecakapan intelektual” (&lt;i&gt;malakah fikriyyah&lt;/i&gt;) tertentu, maka ia akan sulit untuk menguasai kecakapan lain dalam derajat yang sama. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Ibn Khaldun tentu tidak mengabaikan adanya sejumlah kasus perkecualian. Oleh karena itu, dia mengatakan bahwa sedikit sekali orang yang bisa “unggul” dalam derajat yang sama dalam sejumlah kecakapan, baik kecakapan tangan atau konseptual. Harus kita ingat, “ambisi intelektual” yang ingin dicapai oleh Ibn Khaldun dalam bukunya, “Muqaddimah”, adalah untuk membangun suatu “hukum” yang berlaku umum, bukan kasus-kasus terbatas yang sporadik--sesuatu yang tentu amat mencengangkan dilakukan oleh seorang sarjana Muslim di abad ke-14 M. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Tampaknya ada sesuatu yang secara implisit hendak dikatakan oleh Ibn Khaldun melalaui observasinya--tentu ini tidak dapat kita baca dalam bukunya secara harafiah. Observasi ini, tampaknya, hendak mengatakan bahwa spesialisasi adalah sesuatu yang inheren dalam “‘umran” atau urbanisme tinggi. Spesialisasi mengandaikan bahwa seseorang mencurahkan seluruh tenaga intelektualnya untuk satu hal hingga ia mencapai keunggulan di sana. Karena itu, amat susah sejumlah spesialisasi dikuasai dengan baik dan serentak oleh seseorang. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dengan kata lain, istilah “shina’ah” yang kerapkali dipakai Ibn Khaldun sebetulnya dapat kita tafsirkan sebagai semacam indikasi ke arah spesialisasi. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6886076941189282716-4801106364690833656?l=falcomfire.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/feeds/4801106364690833656/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6886076941189282716&amp;postID=4801106364690833656' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/4801106364690833656'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/4801106364690833656'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/2008/09/ibn-khaldun-dan-sejumlah-observasinya.html' title='Ibn Khaldun dan Sejumlah Observasinya'/><author><name>farhan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13737463715496313059</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='12294366802893612215'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6886076941189282716.post-2903326686730874862</id><published>2008-09-10T20:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-10T20:53:24.962-07:00</updated><title type='text'>network</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_MPem1xUaA78/SMiVuCQ5y7I/AAAAAAAAAAM/fBl8JOLZ40U/s1600-h/adfdd.jpeg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 136px; height: 136px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_MPem1xUaA78/SMiVuCQ5y7I/AAAAAAAAAAM/fBl8JOLZ40U/s200/adfdd.jpeg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5244606384187231154" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="ll_name fn"&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="ll_profiletagline"&gt;U.S. Senator (D-Illinois)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="ll_profiletagline"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.barackobama.com/" target="_top"&gt;http://www.barackobama.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="ll_infoTitle" style="margin-top: 1em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Selections from Obama’s reading list&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="ll_links"&gt;&lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=espn.go.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://espn.go.com/"&gt;ESPN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.nba.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.nba.com/"&gt;NBA.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.chicagotribune.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/"&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.suntimes.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.suntimes.com/"&gt;Chicago Sun-Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=chicago.whitesox.mlb.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://chicago.whitesox.mlb.com/"&gt;Chicago Whitesox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.time.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.time.com/"&gt;TIME&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.newsweek.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.newsweek.com/"&gt;Newsweek&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.barackobama.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.barackobama.com/blog"&gt;Barack Obama Blog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.democrats.org" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.democrats.org/blog"&gt;Democratic Party Blog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.washingtonpost.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/"&gt;Washington Post&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.nytimes.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.nytimes.com/"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.wsj.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.wsj.com/"&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.latimes.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.latimes.com/"&gt;LA Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.dailykos.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.dailykos.com/"&gt;Daily Kos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.thinkprogress.org" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.thinkprogress.org/"&gt;Think Progress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.talkingpointsmemo.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/"&gt;Talking Points Memo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.economist.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.economist.com/"&gt;Economist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.huffingtonpost.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/"&gt;The Huffington Post&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.thedailyshow.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="http://www.thedailyshow.com/"&gt;The Daily Show&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 1px;"&gt;&lt;img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="" src="http://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=www.google.com" border="0" width="16" height="16" /&gt; &lt;a target="_top" class="ll_profilelinks url" rel="me" href="https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin?hl=en&amp;amp;nui=1&amp;amp;service=reader&amp;amp;continue=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Freader%2Fview%2Fuser%2F16774216154071822567%2Flabel%2FReading%2520List%3Fsource%3Dpr_readinglist"&gt;Add Obama's reading list to Google Reader&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="ll_infoTitle"&gt;About Barack Obama&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div id="fullnote" class="ll_moreInfo note" style="display: none;"&gt;Barack Obama was born in Hawaii and raised by his mother and grandparents. He graduated from Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was elected the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a young man, Obama moved to the South Side of Chicago to work with local churches as a community organizer in neighborhoods devastated by the closing of local steel mills.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1997 and served there until he won an improbable race in 2004 for the United States Senate, where he continues to serve today. He is a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and Veterans' Affairs Committee.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Obama lives in Chicago with his wife, Michelle, and daughters, Malia (10) and Sasha (7).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div id="truncnote" class="ll_moreInfo note"&gt;Barack Obama was born in Hawaii and raised by his mother and grandparents. He graduated from Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was elected the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a young man, Obama moved to the South Side of Chicago to work with local churches as a community organizer in neighborhoods devastated by the closing of local steel mills.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1997 and served there until he won an improbable race in 2004 for the United States Senate, where he continues to serve today. He is a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and Veterans' Affairs Committee.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Obama lives in Chicago with his wife, Michelle, and daughters, Malia (10) and Sasha (7).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.google.com/s2/profiles/116138473912129657697" class="ll_profilelinks" target="_new"&gt;View full profile&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a class="ll_flaglink" href="http://www.google.com/support/contact/bin/request.py?contact_type=profile&amp;amp;ProfileId=116138473912129657697&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ProductID=reader" target="_top"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6886076941189282716-2903326686730874862?l=falcomfire.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/feeds/2903326686730874862/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6886076941189282716&amp;postID=2903326686730874862' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/2903326686730874862'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/2903326686730874862'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/2008/09/network.html' title='network'/><author><name>farhan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13737463715496313059</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='12294366802893612215'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_MPem1xUaA78/SMiVuCQ5y7I/AAAAAAAAAAM/fBl8JOLZ40U/s72-c/adfdd.jpeg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6886076941189282716.post-7128478193349253876</id><published>2008-09-10T20:42:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-10T20:44:17.890-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Obama: McCain 'mustn't be talking to people in Michigan' | Freep.com | Detroit Free Press</title><content type='html'>&lt;table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" class="round-box interrupt-preview-box" id="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="s bl"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="s"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="s br"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="item-annotations"&gt;&lt;table style="width: 1px; height: 18px; text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" class="entry-annotation" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="entry-annotation-box-container" valign="top"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama told two Michigan audiences Monday that his Republican rival, John McCain, is trying to reinvent himself as an agent of government change despite his U.S. Senate record of supporting President George W. Bush and policies that squeeze the middle class.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;With new national polls out Monday showing McCain pulling even or slightly ahead of Obama, the Illinois senator hammered at economic anxiety to crowds at Mott Community College in Flint and North Farmington High School in Farmington Hills.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;He said that both McCain and his running mate, Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin, are avoiding talking about the economy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In Flint, Obama said that he -- not McCain -- has consistently advocated changes in tax policy, education, the war in Iraq and the U.S. auto industry that will create jobs and help average families who are struggling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"You can't just make stuff up. You can't just reinvent yourself," he said of McCain. "The American people aren't stupid. What they're looking for is someone who has consistently called for change."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It was a head-on response to McCain's campaign shift to position himself as a maverick who will change Washington's culture of partisanship and special interests, and to disassociate himself from the unpopular Bush.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"They spent a lot of time talking about John McCain's biography, which is compelling, and Sarah Palin's biography. She's a mother, a governor, a moose shooter -- and that's cool stuff," Obama said of his opponents during his hour-long town hall in Farmington Hills. "Then they spent a long time talking about me. They didn't talk about the issues."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Polls have shown that voters consistently rate the economy as the top issue facing the nation this election season.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Many in the crowd of about 1,000 in Farmington Hills agreed. Beverly Corr, 68, of Farmington Hills is retired from Michigan National Bank and thankful for a low mortgage on her condo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Right now, I can hardly see daylight," she said. "I feel it every time I buy gas or food."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Obama said McCain's ideas will help wealthy taxpayers and that his campaign is run by ex-lobbyists for oil, insurance and banking companies who want anything but change.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Obama also took swipes at Palin, saying their campaign has misrepresented her record as governor and a small-town mayor who sought the kind of pork-barrel government projects she said she opposes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In the North Farmington High School gym, Obama continued his attacks on McCain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"When he says the fundamentals of the economy are sound, he mustn't be talking to people in Michigan," Obama told the town hall meeting. "When he brags about voting with George W. Bush 90% of the time, what kind of judgment does that show? I don't want to take a 10% chance on change ...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"What John McCain offers is not change. It's the same old stale trickle-down economics. We've tried this for eight years and it hasn't worked."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Obama's visit to Flint was his second since he clinched the Democratic nomination. The Farmington Hills stop was his fourth in Michigan in eight days.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;That schedule underscores what many elections experts say: Michigan is among a very few states that may decide this year's presidential race.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Obama used the August national unemployment rate of 6.1% -- the highest in five years -- to criticize Bush's stewardship.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Obama said the McCain campaign is deliberately avoiding the U.S. economy, hoping instead to make the presidential election a contest of personalities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Obama told the crowd of 250 in Flint that he, not McCain, would revitalize the U.S. auto industry with billions of dollars to develop electric and alternative fuel vehicles that will create new jobs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6886076941189282716-7128478193349253876?l=falcomfire.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/feeds/7128478193349253876/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6886076941189282716&amp;postID=7128478193349253876' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/7128478193349253876'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/7128478193349253876'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/2008/09/obama-mccain-mustnt-be-talking-to.html' title='Obama: McCain &apos;mustn&apos;t be talking to people in Michigan&apos; | Freep.com | Detroit Free Press'/><author><name>farhan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13737463715496313059</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='12294366802893612215'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6886076941189282716.post-5587018510028382652</id><published>2008-09-09T21:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-09T21:16:56.211-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Thomas Edison</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table class="infobox biography vcard" style="line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; font-size: 95%; text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" cellspacing="5"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" class="fn" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; font-size: 125%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Thomas Alva Edison&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" class="" style="padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; text-align: center; font-size: 8pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Thomas_Edison.jpg" class="image" title="Thomas Edison.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Thomas_Edison.jpg/225px-Thomas_Edison.jpg" border="0" width="225" height="352" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="padding-top: 2pt;"&gt; &lt;div style="font-size: 90%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"&lt;i&gt;Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration." - Thomas Alva Edison, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine"&gt;Harper's Monthly&lt;/a&gt; (September 1932)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="padding: 0.2em 1em 0.2em 0.2em; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"&gt;Born&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style="padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 90%;"&gt;February 11, 1847&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;(&lt;span class="bday"&gt;1847-02-11&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_Ohio" title="Milan, Ohio"&gt;Milan, Ohio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="padding: 0.2em 1em 0.2em 0.2em; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"&gt;Died&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style="padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 90%;"&gt;October 18, 1931 (aged 84)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey"&gt;West Orange, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="padding: 0.2em 1em 0.2em 0.2em; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"&gt;Occupation&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="role" style="padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 90%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor"&gt;Inventor&lt;/a&gt;, Innovator, Person, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur" title="Entrepreneur"&gt;entrepreneur&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="padding: 0.2em 1em 0.2em 0.2em; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"&gt;Religious beliefs&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style="padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 90%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deist" title="Deist" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Deist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="padding: 0.2em 1em 0.2em 0.2em; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"&gt;Spouse(s)&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style="padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 90%;"&gt;Mary Stilwell (1871-1884), Mina Edison (1886-1947)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="padding: 0.2em 1em 0.2em 0.2em; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"&gt;Children&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style="padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 90%;"&gt;Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965)&lt;br /&gt;Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (1876–1935)&lt;br /&gt;William Leslie Edison (1878–1937)&lt;br /&gt;Madeleine Edison (1888–1979)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison"&gt;Charles Edison&lt;/a&gt; (1890–1969)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Miller_Edison" title="Theodore Miller Edison"&gt;Theodore Miller Edison&lt;/a&gt; (1898–1992)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="padding: 0.2em 1em 0.2em 0.2em; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"&gt;Parents&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td class="" style="padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 90%;"&gt;Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–1896)&lt;br /&gt;Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Thomas Alva Edison&lt;/b&gt; (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor"&gt;inventor&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businessman" title="Businessman" class="mw-redirect"&gt;businessman&lt;/a&gt; who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph"&gt;phonograph&lt;/a&gt; and the long-lasting, practical electric &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulb" title="Light bulb" class="mw-redirect"&gt;light bulb&lt;/a&gt;. Dubbed "The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_%28fantasy%29" title="Magician (fantasy)"&gt;Wizard&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey" title="Edison, New Jersey"&gt;Menlo Park&lt;/a&gt;" by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production"&gt;mass production&lt;/a&gt; and large teamwork to the process of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention"&gt;invention&lt;/a&gt;, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Edison_patents" title="List of Edison patents"&gt;1,093&lt;/a&gt; U.S. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent"&gt;patents&lt;/a&gt; in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator. Edison originated the concept and implementation of electric-power generation and distribution to homes, businesses, and factories - a crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power plant was on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Island" title="Manhattan Island" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Manhattan Island&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York"&gt;New York&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Thomas Edison was born in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_Ohio" title="Milan, Ohio"&gt;Milan, Ohio&lt;/a&gt;, and grew up in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan" title="Port Huron, Michigan"&gt;Port Huron, Michigan&lt;/a&gt;. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel "The Iron Shovel" Edison, Jr. (1804–1896) (born in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalltown,_Nova_Scotia" title="Marshalltown, Nova Scotia"&gt;Marshalltown, Nova Scotia&lt;/a&gt;, Canada) and Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871). He considered himself to be of Dutch ancestry.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Baldwin_0-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Baldwin-0" title=""&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his teacher, the Reverend Engle, was overheard calling him "addled." This ended Edison's three months of official schooling. He recalled later, "My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint." His mother then &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling"&gt;home schooled&lt;/a&gt; him.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-1" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Much of his education came from reading R.G. Parker's &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Natural_Philosophy" title="School of Natural Philosophy"&gt;School of Natural Philosophy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cooper_Union" title="The Cooper Union" class="mw-redirect"&gt;The Cooper Union&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison developed hearing problems at an early age. The cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever"&gt;scarlet fever&lt;/a&gt; during childhood and recurring untreated middle ear infections. Around the middle of his career Edison attributed the hearing loss to being struck on the ears by a train conductor when his chemical laboratory in a boxcar caught fire and he was thrown off the train in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiths_Creek,_Michigan" title="Smiths Creek, Michigan" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Smiths Creek, Michigan&lt;/a&gt;, along with his apparatus and chemicals. In his later years he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Josephson_2-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Josephson-2" title=""&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-3" title=""&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison's family was forced to move to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan" title="Port Huron, Michigan"&gt;Port Huron&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan"&gt;Michigan&lt;/a&gt;, when the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-4" title=""&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; but his life there was bittersweet. He sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Detroit&lt;/a&gt;, as well as vegetables that he sold to supplement his income. This began Edison's long streak of entrepreneurial ventures as he discovered his talents as a businessman. These talents eventually led him to found 14 companies, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric"&gt;General Electric&lt;/a&gt;, which is still in existence, and one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world &lt;sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-5" title=""&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison became a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy"&gt;telegraph&lt;/a&gt; operator after he saved three-year-old Jimmie MacKenzie from being struck by a runaway train. Jimmie's father, station agent J.U. MacKenzie of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Clemens,_Michigan" title="Mount Clemens, Michigan"&gt;Mount Clemens, Michigan&lt;/a&gt;, was so grateful that he trained Edison as a telegraph operator. Edison's first telegraphy job away from Port Huron was at Stratford Junction, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario"&gt;Ontario&lt;/a&gt;, on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway"&gt;Grand Trunk Railway&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-6" title=""&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1866, at the age of 19, Thomas Edison moved to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky"&gt;Louisville, Kentucky&lt;/a&gt;, where as an employee of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union"&gt;Western Union&lt;/a&gt; he worked the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press"&gt;Associated Press&lt;/a&gt; bureau news wire. Edison requested the night shift, which allowed him plenty of time to spend at his two favorite pastimes—reading and experimenting. Eventually, the latter pre-occupation cost him his job. One night in 1867, he was working with a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_battery" title="Lead-acid battery"&gt;battery&lt;/a&gt; when he spilled sulphuric acid onto the floor. It ran between the floorboards and onto his boss's desk below. The next morning he was fired.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-7" title=""&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;One of his mentors during those early years was a fellow telegrapher and inventor named &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Leonard_Pope" title="Franklin Leonard Pope"&gt;Franklin Leonard Pope&lt;/a&gt;, who allowed the impoverished youth to live and work in the basement of his &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey"&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey"&gt;New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;, home. Some of Edison's earliest inventions were related to telegraphy, including a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_tape" title="Ticker tape"&gt;stock ticker&lt;/a&gt;. His first &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent"&gt;patent&lt;/a&gt; was for the electric vote recorder, (U. S. Patent 90,646),&lt;sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-8" title=""&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; which was granted on June 1, 1869.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-9" title=""&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Marriages_and_children" id="Marriages_and_children"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Marriages and children&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;On December 25, 1871, Edison married 16-year-old Mary Stilwell, whom he had met two months earlier as she was an employee at one of his shops. They had three children:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965), nicknamed "Dot"&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Thomas Alva Edison, Jr. (1876–1935), nicknamed "Dash"&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;William Leslie Edison (1878–1937)&lt;sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-10" title=""&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Mary Edison died on August 9, 1884.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;On February 24, 1886, at the age of thirty nine, Edison married 20-year-old Mina Miller in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio"&gt;Akron, Ohio&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-11" title=""&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; She was the daughter of inventor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Miller" title="Lewis Miller"&gt;Lewis Miller&lt;/a&gt;, co-founder of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua_Institution" title="Chautauqua Institution"&gt;Chautauqua Institution&lt;/a&gt; and a benefactor of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist" title="Methodist" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Methodist&lt;/a&gt; charities. They also had three children:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Madeleine Edison (1888–1979), who married John Eyre Sloane&lt;sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-12" title=""&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-13" title=""&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison"&gt;Charles Edison&lt;/a&gt; (1890–1969), who took over the company upon his father's death and who later was elected &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor" title="Governor"&gt;Governor&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey"&gt;New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-14" title=""&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He is buried in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosedale_Cemetery,_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="Rosedale Cemetery, Orange, New Jersey"&gt;Rosedale Cemetery&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_New_Jersey" title="Orange, New Jersey"&gt;Orange, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Miller_Edison" title="Theodore Miller Edison"&gt;Theodore Miller Edison&lt;/a&gt; (1898–1992).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-15" title=""&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Mina outlived Thomas Edison, dying on August 24, 1947.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-16" title=""&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-17" title=""&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison's major innovation was the first industrial research lab, which was built in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_New_Jersey" title="Menlo Park, New Jersey" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Menlo Park, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;. Built with the funds from the sale of Edison's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruplex_telegraph" title="Quadruplex telegraph"&gt;quadruplex telegraph&lt;/a&gt;, it was the first institution set up with the specific purpose of producing constant technological innovation and improvement. Edison was legally attributed with most of the inventions produced there, though many employees carried out research and development work under his direction. His staff was generally told to carry out his directions in conducting research, and he drove them hard to produce results. The large research group, which included engineers and other workers, based much of their research on work done by others before them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hammer" title="William J. Hammer" class="mw-redirect"&gt;William J. Hammer&lt;/a&gt;, a consulting &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer" title="Electrical engineer" class="mw-redirect"&gt;electrical engineer&lt;/a&gt;, began his duties as a laboratory assistant to Edison in December 1879. He assisted in experiments on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone"&gt;telephone&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph"&gt;phonograph&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" title="Railway electrification system"&gt;electric railway&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore"&gt;iron ore&lt;/a&gt; separator, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb"&gt;electric lighting&lt;/a&gt;, and other developing inventions. However, Hammer worked primarily on the incandescent electric lamp and was put in charge of tests and records on that device. In 1880, he was appointed chief engineer of the Edison Lamp Works. In his first year, the plant under General Manager &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Robbins_Upton" title="Francis Robbins Upton"&gt;Francis Robbins Upton&lt;/a&gt; turned out 50,000 lamps. According to Edison, Hammer was "a pioneer of incandescent electric lighting".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Nearly all of Edison's patents were utility patents, which were protected for a 17-year period and included inventions or processes that are electrical, mechanical, or chemical in nature. About a dozen were design patents, which protect an ornamental design for up to a 14-year period. Like most patents, the inventions he described were improvements over &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art"&gt;prior art&lt;/a&gt;. The phonograph patent, on the other hand, was unprecedented as the first device to record and reproduce sounds.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-18" title=""&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Edison did not invent the first electric light bulb, but instead invented the &lt;b&gt;first commercially practical incandescent light&lt;/b&gt;. Several designs had already been developed by earlier inventors including the patent he purchased from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Woodward_%28inventor%29" title="Henry Woodward (inventor)"&gt;Henry Woodward&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Evans" title="Mathew Evans"&gt;Mathew Evans&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_G._Farmer" title="Moses G. Farmer"&gt;Moses G. Farmer&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-19" title=""&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan"&gt;Joseph Swan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bowman_Lindsay" title="James Bowman Lindsay"&gt;James Bowman Lindsay&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Sawyer" title="William E. Sawyer"&gt;William E. Sawyer&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Humphry_Davy" title="Sir Humphry Davy" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sir Humphry Davy&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_G%C3%B6bel" title="Heinrich Göbel"&gt;Heinrich Göbel&lt;/a&gt;. Some of these early bulbs had such flaws as an extremely short life, high expense to produce, and high electric current drawn, making them difficult to apply on a large scale commercially. In 1878, Edison applied the term &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_filament" title="Electrical filament"&gt;filament&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_element" title="Electrical element"&gt;element&lt;/a&gt; of glowing wire carrying the current, although the English inventor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan"&gt;Joseph Swan&lt;/a&gt; had used the term prior to this. Edison took the features of these earlier designs and set his workers to the task of creating longer-lasting bulbs. By 1879, he had produced a new concept: a high resistance lamp in a very high vacuum, which would burn for hundreds of hours. While the earlier inventors had produced electric lighting in laboratory conditions, dating back to a demonstration of a glowing wire by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta"&gt;Alessandro Volta&lt;/a&gt; in 1800, Edison concentrated on commercial application, and was able to sell the concept to homes and businesses by mass-producing relatively long-lasting light bulbs and creating a complete system for the generation and distribution of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity"&gt;electricity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Menlo Park research lab was made possible by the sale of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruplex_telegraph" title="Quadruplex telegraph"&gt;quadruplex telegraph&lt;/a&gt; that Edison invented in 1874. It could send four simultaneous telegraph signals over the same wire. After his demonstration of the telegraph, Edison was not sure that his original plan on selling it for $4,000 to $5,000 was right, so he asked Western Union to make a bid. He was surprised to hear them offer $10,000,&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since September 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; which he graciously accepted. The quadruplex telegraph was Edison's first big financial success and allowed him to build Menlo Park.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In just over a decade Edison's Menlo Park laboratory had expanded to occupy two city blocks. Edison said he wanted the lab to have "a stock of almost every conceivable material". A newspaper article printed in 1887 reveals the seriousness of his claim, stating the lab contained "eight thousand kinds of chemicals, every kind of screw made, every size of needle, every kind of cord or wire, hair of humans, horses, hogs, cows, rabbits, goats, minx, camels ...silk in every texture, cocoons, various kinds of hoofs, shark's teeth, deer horns, tortoise shell ...cork, resin, varnish and oil, ostrich feathers, a peacock's tail, jet, amber, rubber, all ores ..." and the list goes on.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-20" title=""&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Over his desk, Edison displayed a placard with Sir Joshua Reynolds' famous quote: "There is no expedient to which a man will not resort to avoid the real labor of thinking."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-21" title=""&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This slogan was reputedly posted at several other locations throughout the facility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;With Menlo Park, Edison had created the first industrial laboratory concerned with creating knowledge and then controlling its application.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Carbon_telephone_transmitter" id="Carbon_telephone_transmitter"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Carbon telephone transmitter"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Carbon telephone transmitter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1877–1878, Edison invented and developed the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone"&gt;carbon microphone&lt;/a&gt; used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation, in 1892 a federal court ruled that Edison—and not &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner"&gt;Emile Berliner&lt;/a&gt;—was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Electric_light" id="Electric_light"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Electric light"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Electric light&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Thomas_Edison,_1878.jpg" class="image" title="Edison in 1878"&gt;&lt;img alt="Edison in 1878" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Thomas_Edison%2C_1878.jpg/180px-Thomas_Edison%2C_1878.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="212" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Thomas_Edison,_1878.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Edison in 1878&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt; &lt;div id="ogg_player_2" style="width: 180px;"&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Edison_speech,_1920s.ogg" class="image" title="Video clip of Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s"&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Edison_speech%2C_1920s.ogg/mid-Edison_speech%2C_1920s.ogg.jpg" alt="Video clip of Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s" width="180" height="130" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;button onclick="'wgOggPlayer.init(false," style="width: 180px; text-align: center;" title="Play video"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/OggHandler/play.png" alt="Play video" width="22" height="22" /&gt;&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Edison_speech,_1920s.ogg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Video clip of Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb"&gt;History of the light bulb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;After many experiments with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"&gt;platinum&lt;/a&gt; and other metal filaments, Edison returned to a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"&gt;carbon&lt;/a&gt; filament. The first successful test was on October 22, 1879,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Israel_22-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Israel-22" title=""&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and lasted 40 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by November 4, 1879, filed for U.S. patent 223,898 (granted on January 27, 1880) for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Patent898_23-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Patent898-23" title=""&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways",&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Patent898_23-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Patent898-23" title=""&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; it was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonization" title="Carbonization"&gt;carbonized&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo"&gt;bamboo&lt;/a&gt; filament could last over 1,200 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison allegedly bought light bulb U.S. patent 181,613 of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Woodward_%28inventor%29" title="Henry Woodward (inventor)"&gt;Henry Woodward&lt;/a&gt; that was issued August 29, 1876 and obtained an exclusive license to Woodward's Canadian patent. These patents covered a carbon rod in a nitrogen filled glass cylinder, and differed substantially from the first commercially practical bulb invented by Edison.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since May 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1878, Edison formed the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Electric_Light_Company" title="Edison Electric Light Company" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Edison Electric Light Company&lt;/a&gt; in New York City with several financiers, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan"&gt;J. P. Morgan&lt;/a&gt; and the members of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family"&gt;Vanderbilt family&lt;/a&gt;. Edison made the first public demonstration of his &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb"&gt;incandescent light bulb&lt;/a&gt; on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. It was during this time that he said: "We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-24" title=""&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse"&gt;George Westinghouse&lt;/a&gt;'s company bought &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Diehl_%28inventor%29" title="Philip Diehl (inventor)"&gt;Philip Diehl&lt;/a&gt;'s competing induction lamp patent rights (1882) for $25,000, forcing the holders of the Edison patent to charge a more reasonable rate for the use of the Edison patent rights and lowering the price of the electric lamp.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-EDJ1929_25-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-EDJ1929-25" title=""&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;On October 8, 1883, the U.S. patent office ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of William Sawyer and was therefore invalid. Litigation continued for nearly six years, until October 6, 1889, when a judge ruled that Edison's electric light improvement claim for "a filament of carbon of high resistance" was valid. To avoid a possible court battle with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan"&gt;Joseph Swan&lt;/a&gt;, whose British patent had been awarded a year before Edison's, he and Swan formed a joint company called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Swan#Ediswan" title="Joseph Swan"&gt;Ediswan&lt;/a&gt; to manufacture and market the invention in Britain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_%28Brno%29" title="National Theatre (Brno)"&gt;Mahen Theatre&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno"&gt;Brno&lt;/a&gt; in what is now the Czech Republic, was the first public building in the world to use Edison's electric lamps, with the installation supervised by Edison's assistant in the invention of the lamp, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Jehl" title="Francis Jehl"&gt;Francis Jehl&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-26" title=""&gt;[27]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Electric_power_distribution" id="Electric_power_distribution"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Electric power distribution"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Electric power distribution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison patented an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distribution" title="Electricity distribution"&gt;electric distribution system&lt;/a&gt; in 1880, which was essential to capitalize on the invention of the electric lamp. On December 17, 1880, Edison founded the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Illuminating_Company" title="Edison Illuminating Company"&gt;Edison Electric Illuminating Company&lt;/a&gt;. The company established the first investor-owned electric utility in 1882 on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Street_Station" title="Pearl Street Station"&gt;Pearl Street Station&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City"&gt;New York City&lt;/a&gt;. It was on September 4, 1882, that Edison switched on his &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Street_%28Manhattan%29" title="Pearl Street (Manhattan)"&gt;Pearl Street&lt;/a&gt; generating station's electrical power distribution system, which provided 110 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt"&gt;volts&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current"&gt;direct current&lt;/a&gt; (DC) to 59 customers in lower &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan"&gt;Manhattan&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Earlier in the year, in January 1882 he had switched on the first steam generating power station at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_Viaduct" title="Holborn Viaduct"&gt;Holborn Viaduct&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London"&gt;London&lt;/a&gt;. The DC supply system provided electricity supplies to street lamps and several private dwellings within a short distance of the station. On January 19, 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system employing overhead wires began service in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roselle,_New_Jersey" title="Roselle, New Jersey"&gt;Roselle, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="War_of_currents" id="War_of_currents"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=8" title="Edit section: War of currents"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;War of currents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Currents" title="War of Currents"&gt;War of Currents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PyramidParthenon.jpg" class="image" title="Extravagant displays of electric lights quickly became a feature of public events, as this picture from the 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition shows."&gt;&lt;img alt="Extravagant displays of electric lights quickly became a feature of public events, as this picture from the 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition shows." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PyramidParthenon.jpg/180px-PyramidParthenon.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="117" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PyramidParthenon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Extravagant displays of electric lights quickly became a feature of public events, as this picture from the 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition shows.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison's true success, like that of his friend &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford"&gt;Henry Ford&lt;/a&gt;, was in his ability to maximize profits through establishment of mass-production systems and intellectual property rights. This dampened the success of less profitable work by others who were focused on inventing longer-lasting high-efficiency technology.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-27" title=""&gt;[28]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-28" title=""&gt;[29]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse"&gt;George Westinghouse&lt;/a&gt; and Edison became adversaries because of Edison's promotion of direct current for electric power distribution instead of the more easily transmitted &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current"&gt;alternating current&lt;/a&gt; (AC) system invented by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla"&gt;Nikola Tesla&lt;/a&gt; and promoted by Westinghouse. Unlike DC, AC could be stepped up to very high voltages with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer"&gt;transformers&lt;/a&gt;, sent over thinner and cheaper wires, and stepped down again at the destination for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distribution" title="Electricity distribution"&gt;distribution&lt;/a&gt; to users.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1887 there were 121 Edison power stations in the United States delivering DC electricity to customers. When the limitations of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Current" title="Direct Current" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Direct Current&lt;/a&gt; (DC) were discussed by the public, Edison launched a propaganda campaign to convince people that &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current" title="Alternating Current" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Alternating Current&lt;/a&gt; (AC) was far too dangerous to use. The problem with DC was that the power plants could only economically deliver DC electricity to customers about one and a half miles from the generating station, so it was only suitable for central business districts. When George Westinghouse suggested using high-voltage AC instead, as it could carry electricity hundreds of miles with marginal loss of power, Edison waged a "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Currents" title="War of Currents"&gt;War of Currents&lt;/a&gt;" to prevent AC from being adopted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Despite Edison's contempt for capital punishment, the war against AC led him to become involved in the development and promotion of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair"&gt;electric chair&lt;/a&gt; as a demonstration of AC's greater lethal potential versus the "safer" DC. Edison went on to carry out a brief but intense campaign to ban the use of AC or to limit the allowable voltage for safety purposes. As part of this campaign, Edison's employees publicly &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock" title="Electric shock"&gt;electrocuted&lt;/a&gt; animals to demonstrate the dangers of AC,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-29" title=""&gt;[30]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-30" title=""&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; even though protection from electrocution by AC or DC is essentially the same. On one of the more notable occasions, in 1903, Edison's workers electrocuted &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsy_%28elephant%29" title="Topsy (elephant)"&gt;Topsy the elephant&lt;/a&gt; at Luna Park, near &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island"&gt;Coney Island&lt;/a&gt;, after she had killed several men and her owners wanted her put to death.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-31" title=""&gt;[32]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His company filmed the electrocution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;AC replaced DC in most instances of generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the efficiency of power distribution. Though widespread use of DC ultimately lost favor for distribution, it exists today primarily in long-distance &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current"&gt;high-voltage direct current&lt;/a&gt; (HVDC) transmission systems. Low voltage DC distribution continued to be used in high density downtown areas for many years but was replaced by AC low voltage network distribution in many central business districts. DC had the advantage that large &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29" title="Battery (electricity)"&gt;battery&lt;/a&gt; banks could maintain continuous power through brief interruptions of the electric supply from generators and the transmission system. Utilities such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Edison" title="Commonwealth Edison"&gt;Commonwealth Edison&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago"&gt;Chicago&lt;/a&gt; had rotary converters, also known as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor-generator" title="Motor-generator"&gt;motor-generator&lt;/a&gt; sets , which could change DC to AC and AC to various frequencies in the early to mid-20th century. Utilities supplied rectifiers to convert the low voltage AC to DC for such DC loads as elevators, fans and pumps. There were still 1,600 DC customers in downtown New York City as of 2005, and service was only finally discontinued on November 14, 2007.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-32" title=""&gt;[33]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway"&gt;New York City Subway&lt;/a&gt; system is still run by DC power to this day.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Fluoroscopy" id="Fluoroscopy"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Fluoroscopy"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Fluoroscopy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison is credited with designing and producing the first commercially available &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy"&gt;fluoroscope&lt;/a&gt;, the machine that takes radiographs (colloquially known as "X-rays"). Until Edison discovered that calcium tungstate fluoroscopy screens produced brighter images than the barium platinocyanide screens originally used by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Wilhelm Röntgen&lt;/a&gt;, the technology was only capable of producing very faint images. The fundamental design of Edison's fluoroscope is still in use today, despite the fact that Edison himself abandoned the project after nearly losing his own eyesight and seriously maiming his assistant, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Madison_Dally" title="Clarence Madison Dally"&gt;Clarence Dally&lt;/a&gt;. Dally had made himself an enthusiastic human guinea pig for the fluoroscopy project and in the process been exposed to a poisonous dose of radiation. He later died of injuries related to the exposure. In 1903, a shaken Edison said "Don't talk to me about X-rays, I am afraid of them."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-33" title=""&gt;[34]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Work_relations" id="Work_relations"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Work relations"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Work relations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague"&gt;Frank J. Sprague&lt;/a&gt;, a competent mathematician and former &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy"&gt;naval officer&lt;/a&gt;, was recruited by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_H._Johnson" title="Edward H. Johnson" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Edward H. Johnson&lt;/a&gt; and joined the Edison organization in 1883. One of Sprague's significant contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park was to expand Edison's mathematical methods. Despite the common belief that Edison did not use mathematics, analysis of his notebooks reveal that he was an astute user of mathematical analysis,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-34" title=""&gt;[35]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; for example, determining the critical parameters of his electric lighting system including lamp resistance by a sophisticated analysis of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_Law" title="Ohm's Law" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ohm's Law&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule%27s_Law" title="Joule's Law" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Joule's Law&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics"&gt;economics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since June 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;). A key to Edison's success was an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic" title="Holistic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;holistic&lt;/a&gt; rather than &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionist" title="Reductionist" class="mw-redirect"&gt;reductionist&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edisonian_approach" title="Edisonian approach"&gt;approach to invention&lt;/a&gt;, making extensive use of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_and_error" title="Trial and error"&gt;trial and error&lt;/a&gt;. Since Sprague joined Edison in 1883 and Edison's output of patents peaked in 1880,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-35" title=""&gt;[36]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; it could be interpreted that the shift towards a reductionist analytical approach may not have been a positive move for Edison&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since June 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;). Sprague's important analytical contributions, including correcting Edison's system of mains and feeders for central station distribution, form a counter argument to this. In 1884, Sprague decided his interests in the exploitation of electricity lay elsewhere, and he left Edison to found the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprague_Electric_Railway_%26_Motor_Company" title="Sprague Electric Railway &amp;amp; Motor Company" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sprague Electric Railway &amp;amp; Motor Company&lt;/a&gt;. However, Sprague, who later developed many electrical innovations, always credited Edison for their work together&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since June 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Another of Edison's assistants was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla"&gt;Nikola Tesla&lt;/a&gt;, who claimed that Edison promised him $50,000 if he succeeded in making improvements to his DC generation plants. Tesla claimed that several months later, when he had finished the work and asked to be paid, Edison said, "When you become a full-fledged American you will appreciate an American joke."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-36" title=""&gt;[37]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Tesla immediately resigned. With Tesla's salary of $18 per week, the payment would have amounted to over 53 years pay and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company. Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-37" title=""&gt;[38]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Although Tesla accepted an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Medal" title="Edison Medal" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Edison Medal&lt;/a&gt; later in life and professed a high opinion of Edison as an inventor and engineer, this and other negative series of events concerning Edison remained with Tesla. The day after Edison died, the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla who was quoted as saying, "&lt;i&gt;He had no hobby, cared for no sort of amusement of any kind and lived in utter disregard of the most elementary rules of hygiene&lt;/i&gt;" and that, "&lt;i&gt;His method was inefficient in the extreme, for an immense ground had to be covered to get anything at all unless blind chance intervened and, at first, I was almost a sorry witness of his doings, knowing that just a little theory and calculation would have saved him 90 percent of the labour. But he had a veritable contempt for book learning and mathematical knowledge, trusting himself entirely to his inventor's instinct and practical American sense.&lt;/i&gt;" When Edison was a very old man and close to death, he said, in looking back, that the biggest mistake he had made was that he never respected Tesla or his work.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-38" title=""&gt;[39]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There were 28 men recognized as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Pioneers" title="Edison Pioneers"&gt;Edison Pioneers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Media_inventions" id="Media_inventions"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Media inventions"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Media inventions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The key to Edison's fortunes was telegraphy. With knowledge gained from years of working as a telegraph operator, he learned the basics of electricity. This allowed him to make his early fortune with the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_tape" title="Ticker tape"&gt;stock ticker&lt;/a&gt;, the first electricity-based broadcast system. Edison patented the sound recording and reproducing phonograph in 1878. Edison was also granted a patent for the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture" title="Motion picture" class="mw-redirect"&gt;motion picture&lt;/a&gt; camera or "Kinetograph". He did the electromechanical design, while his employee &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.K.L._Dickson" title="W.K.L. Dickson" class="mw-redirect"&gt;W.K.L. Dickson&lt;/a&gt;, a photographer, worked on the photographic and optical development. Much of the credit for the invention belongs to Dickson.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Israel_22-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Israel-22" title=""&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1891, Thomas Edison built a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope"&gt;Kinetoscope&lt;/a&gt;, or peep-hole viewer. This device was installed in penny arcades, where people could watch short, simple films. The kinetograph and kinetoscope were both first publicly exhibited May 20, 1891.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-39" title=""&gt;[40]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;On August 9, 1892, Edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph. In April 1896, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Armat" title="Thomas Armat"&gt;Thomas Armat&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitascope" title="Vitascope"&gt;Vitascope&lt;/a&gt;, manufactured by the Edison factory and marketed in Edison's name, was used to project motion pictures in public screenings in New York City. Later he exhibited motion pictures with voice soundtrack on cylinder recordings, mechanically synchronized with the film.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Officially the kinetoscope entered in Europe when the rich American Businessman &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_T._Bush" title="Irving T. Bush"&gt;Irving T. Bush&lt;/a&gt; (1869–1948) bought from the Continental Commerce Company of Franck Z. Maguire and Joseph D. Bachus a dozen machines. Bush placed from October 17, 1894 on the first kinetoscopes in London. At the same time the French company Kinétoscope Edison Michel et Alexis Werner bought these machines for the market in France. In the last three months of 1894 The Continental Commerce Company sold hundreds of kinetoscopes in Europe (i.e. the Netherlands and Italy). In Germany and in Austria-Hungary the kinetoscope was introduced by the Deutsche-österreichische-Edison-Kinetoscop Gesellschaft, founded by the Ludwig Stollwerck &lt;sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-40" title=""&gt;[41]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; of the Schokoladen-Süsswarenfabrik Stollwerck &amp;amp; Co of Cologne. The first kinetoscopes arrived in Belgium at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairs" title="Fairs" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Fairs&lt;/a&gt; in early 1895. The Edison's Kinétoscope Français, a Belgian company, was founded in Brussels on January 15, 1895 with the rights to sell the kinetoscopes in Monaco, France and the French colonies. The main investors in this company were Belgian industrialists. On May 14, 1895 the Edison's Kinétoscope Belge was founded in Brussels. The businessman Ladislas-Victor Lewitzki, living in London but active in Belgium and France, took the initiative in starting this business. He had contacts with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Gaumont" title="Leon Gaumont" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Leon Gaumont&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mutoscope_and_Biograph" title="American Mutoscope and Biograph" class="mw-redirect"&gt;American Mutoscope and Biograph&lt;/a&gt; Co. In 1898 he also became shareholder of the Biograph and Mutoscope Company for France.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-41" title=""&gt;[42]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1901, he visited the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury,_Ontario" title="Sudbury, Ontario" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sudbury&lt;/a&gt; area as a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining" title="Mining"&gt;mining&lt;/a&gt; prospector, and is credited with the original discovery of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconbridge,_Greater_Sudbury,_Ontario" title="Falconbridge, Greater Sudbury, Ontario" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Falconbridge&lt;/a&gt; ore body. His attempts to actually mine the ore body were not successful, however, and he abandoned his mining claim in 1903.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-42" title=""&gt;[43]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A street in Falconbridge, as well as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Building_%28Falconbridge%29" title="Edison Building (Falconbridge)"&gt;Edison Building&lt;/a&gt;, which served as the head office of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconbridge_Ltd." title="Falconbridge Ltd."&gt;Falconbridge Mines&lt;/a&gt;, are named for him.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1902, agents of Thomas Edison bribed a theater owner in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London"&gt;London&lt;/a&gt; for a copy of &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon" title="A Trip to the Moon"&gt;A Trip to the Moon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès"&gt;Georges Méliès&lt;/a&gt;. Edison then made hundreds of copies and showed them in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City"&gt;New York City&lt;/a&gt;. Méliès received no compensation. He was counting on taking the film to US and recapture the huge cost of it by showing it throughout the US when he realized it has already been showing in the US by Edison. This bankrupted Méliès.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-43" title=""&gt;[44]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Other exhibitors similarly routinely copied and exhibited each others films.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-44" title=""&gt;[45]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; To better protect the copyrights on his films, Edison deposited prints of them on long strips of photographic paper with the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._copyright_office" title="U.S. copyright office" class="mw-redirect"&gt;U.S. copyright office&lt;/a&gt;. Many of these paper prints survived longer and in better condition than the actual films of that era.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-45" title=""&gt;[46]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison's favourite movie was &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation"&gt;The Birth of a Nation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. He thought that talkies had "spoiled everything" for him. "There isn't any good acting on the screen. They concentrate on the voice now and have forgotten how to act. I can sense it more than you because I am deaf."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-46" title=""&gt;[47]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1908, Edison started the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company" title="Motion Picture Patents Company"&gt;Motion Picture Patents Company&lt;/a&gt;, which was a conglomerate of nine major film studios (commonly known as the Edison Trust). Thomas Edison was the first honorary fellow of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Acoustical Society of America"&gt;Acoustical Society of America&lt;/a&gt;, which was founded in 1929.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="West_Orange_and_Fort_Myers_.281886-1931.29" id="West_Orange_and_Fort_Myers_.281886-1931.29"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=12" title="Edit section: West Orange and Fort Myers (1886-1931)"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;West Orange and Fort Myers (1886-1931)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison moved from Menlo Park after the death of Mary Stilwell and purchased a home known as "Glenmont" in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Park" title="Llewellyn Park"&gt;Llewellyn Park&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey"&gt;West Orange, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;. In 1885, Thomas Edison bought property in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida" title="Fort Myers, Florida"&gt;Fort Myers&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" title="Florida"&gt;Florida&lt;/a&gt;, and built what was later called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Lodge_%28Thomas_Edison%29" title="Seminole Lodge (Thomas Edison)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Seminole Lodge&lt;/a&gt; as a winter retreat. Edison and his wife Mina spent many winters in Fort Myers where they recreated and Edison tried to find a domestic source of natural rubber.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford"&gt;Henry Ford&lt;/a&gt;, the automobile magnate, later lived a few hundred feet away from Edison at his winter retreat in Fort Myers, Florida. Edison even contributed technology to the automobile. They were friends until Edison's death.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Edison_battery_exhibit,_1915.jpg" class="image" title="Thomas A. Edison Industries Exhibit, Primary Battery section, 1915"&gt;&lt;img alt="Thomas A. Edison Industries Exhibit, Primary Battery section, 1915" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Edison_battery_exhibit%2C_1915.jpg/180px-Edison_battery_exhibit%2C_1915.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Edison_battery_exhibit,_1915.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Thomas A. Edison Industries Exhibit, Primary Battery section, 1915&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg" class="image" title="Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, Harvey Firestone—the fathers of modernity. Ft. Myers, Florida, February 11, 1929."&gt;&lt;img alt="Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, Harvey Firestone—the fathers of modernity. Ft. Myers, Florida, February 11, 1929." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg/180px-Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="203" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ford_Edison_Firestone1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, Harvey Firestone—the fathers of modernity. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ft._Myers" title="Ft. Myers" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ft. Myers&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" title="Florida"&gt;Florida&lt;/a&gt;, February 11, 1929.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1928, Edison joined the Fort Myers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitan_International" title="Civitan International"&gt;Civitan Club&lt;/a&gt;. He believed strongly in the organization, writing that "The Civitan Club is doing things--big things--for the community, state, and nation, and I certainly consider it an honor to be numbered in its ranks."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-47" title=""&gt;[48]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He was an active member in the club until his death, sometimes bringing Henry Ford to the club's meetings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="The_Final_Years" id="The_Final_Years"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=13" title="Edit section: The Final Years"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;The Final Years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison was active in business right up to the end. Just months before his death in 1931, the Lackawanna Railroad implemented electric trains in suburban service from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey"&gt;Hoboken&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone,_New_Jersey" title="Gladstone, New Jersey"&gt;Gladstone&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair,_New_Jersey" title="Montclair, New Jersey"&gt;Montclair&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_New_Jersey" title="Dover, New Jersey"&gt;Dover&lt;/a&gt; in New Jersey. Transmission was by means of an overhead catenary system, with the entire project under Edison's guidance. To the surprise of many, he was at the throttle of the very first MU (Multiple-Unit) train to depart Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, driving the train all the way to Dover. As another tribute to his lasting legacy, the same fleet of cars Edison deployed on the Lackawanna in 1931 served commuters until their retirement in 1984, when some of them were purchased by the Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum in Lenox, MA. A special plaque commemorating the joint achievement of both the railway and Edison, can be seen today in the waiting room of Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, presently operated by New Jersey Transit.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-48" title=""&gt;[49]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison was said to have been influenced by a fad diet that was popular in the day to that in his last few years "the only liquid he consumed was a pint of milk every three hours".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Israel_22-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Israel-22" title=""&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He is reported to have believed this diet would restore his health. However, this tale is doubtful. In 1930, the year before Edison died, Mina said in an interview about him that "Correct eating is one of his greatest hobbies." She also said that during one of his periodic "great scientific adventures", Edison would be up at 7:00, have breakfast at 8:00, and be rarely home for lunch or dinner, implying that he continued to have all three.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-49" title=""&gt;[50]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison became the owner of his &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_Ohio" title="Milan, Ohio"&gt;Milan, Ohio&lt;/a&gt;, birthplace in 1906. On his last visit, in 1923, he was shocked to find his old home still lit by lamps and candles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Thomas Edison died on October 18, 1931, in his home, "Glenmont" in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Park" title="Llewellyn Park"&gt;Llewellyn Park&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey"&gt;West Orange, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;, which he had purchased in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-50" title=""&gt;[51]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EdisonHouse.jpg" class="image" title="Seminole Lodge, Edison's winter home in Fort Myers, Florida"&gt;&lt;img alt="Seminole Lodge, Edison's winter home in Fort Myers, Florida" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/EdisonHouse.jpg/180px-EdisonHouse.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EdisonHouse.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Seminole Lodge, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison_Winter_Estate" title="Thomas Edison Winter Estate" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Edison's winter home&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida" title="Fort Myers, Florida"&gt;Fort Myers, Florida&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Mina died in 1947. Edison's last breath is reportedly contained in a test tube at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford"&gt;Henry Ford&lt;/a&gt; Museum. Ford reportedly convinced Charles Edison to seal a test tube of air in the inventor's room shortly after his death, as a memento. A plaster &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask"&gt;death mask&lt;/a&gt; was also made.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-51" title=""&gt;[52]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Views_on_politics.2C_religion_and_metaphysics" id="Views_on_politics.2C_religion_and_metaphysics"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Views on politics, religion and metaphysics"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Views on politics, religion and metaphysics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Historian Paul Israel has characterized Edison as a "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freethinker" title="Freethinker" class="mw-redirect"&gt;freethinker&lt;/a&gt;".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Israel_22-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Israel-22" title=""&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Edison was heavily influenced by Thomas Paine's &lt;i&gt;Age of Reason&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Israel_22-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Israel-22" title=""&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Edison defended Paine's "scientific deism," saying, "He has been called an atheist, but atheist he was not. Paine believed in a supreme intelligence, as representing the idea which other men often express by the name of deity."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Israel_22-5" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Israel-22" title=""&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In an October 2, 1910 interview in the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" title="New York Times Magazine" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times Magazine&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; Edison stated:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me—the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love—He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us—nature did it all—not the gods of the religions.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-52" title=""&gt;[53]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Edison was accused of atheism for those remarks, and although he did not allow himself to be drawn into the controversy publicly, he defended himself in a private letter: "You have misunderstood the whole article, because you jumped to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. All the article states is that it is doubtful in my opinion if our intelligence or soul or whatever one may call it lives hereafter as an entity or disperses back again from whence it came, scattered amongst the cells of which we are made."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Israel_22-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-Israel-22" title=""&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Tributes" id="Tributes"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Tributes"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Tributes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Places_named_for_Edison" id="Places_named_for_Edison"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Places named for Edison"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Places named for Edison&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Several places have been named after Edison, most notably the town of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey" title="Edison, New Jersey"&gt;Edison, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison_State_College" title="Thomas Edison State College"&gt;Thomas Edison State College&lt;/a&gt;, a nationally-known college for adult learners, is in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey"&gt;Trenton, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;. Two community colleges are named for him: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_State_College" title="Edison State College"&gt;Edison State College&lt;/a&gt; in Fort Myers, Florida, and Edison Community College in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piqua,_Ohio" title="Piqua, Ohio"&gt;Piqua, Ohio&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_note-53" title=""&gt;[54]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; There are numerous high schools named after Edison; see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_High_School" title="Edison High School"&gt;Edison High School&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The City Hotel, in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury,_Pennsylvania" title="Sunbury, Pennsylvania"&gt;Sunbury, Pennsylvania&lt;/a&gt;, was the first building to be lit with Edison's three-wire system. The hotel was re-named The Hotel Edison, and retains that name today.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Three bridges around the United States have been named in his honor (see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Bridge_%28disambiguation%29" title="Edison Bridge (disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Edison Bridge&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Museums_and_memorials" id="Museums_and_memorials"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Museums and memorials"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Museums and memorials&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In West Orange, New Jersey, the 13.5 acre (5.5 ha) Glenmont estate is maintained and operated by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service"&gt;National Park Service&lt;/a&gt; as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_National_Historic_Site" title="Edison National Historic Site"&gt;Edison National Historic Site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since August 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Memorial_Tower_and_Museum" title="Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum"&gt;Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum&lt;/a&gt; is in the town of Edison, New Jersey.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since August 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas"&gt;Beaumont, Texas&lt;/a&gt;, there is an Edison Museum, though Edison never visited there.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since August 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Huron_Museum" title="Port Huron Museum"&gt;Port Huron Museum&lt;/a&gt;, in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan" title="Port Huron, Michigan"&gt;Port Huron, Michigan&lt;/a&gt;, restored the original depot that Thomas Edison worked out of as a young &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newsbutcher&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Newsbutcher (page does not exist)"&gt;newsbutcher&lt;/a&gt;. The depot has been named the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison_Depot_Museum" title="Thomas Edison Depot Museum"&gt;Thomas Edison Depot Museum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since August 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The town has many Edison historical landmarks, including the graves of Edison's parents, and a monument along the Saint Clair River. Edison's influence can be seen throughout this city of 32,000. In &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Detroit&lt;/a&gt;, the Edison Memorial Fountain in Grand Circus Park was created to honor his achievements. The limestone fountain was dedicated October 21, 1929.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since August 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Companies_bearing_Edison.27s_name" id="Companies_bearing_Edison.27s_name"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Companies bearing Edison's name"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Companies bearing Edison's name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Edison General Electric, merged with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson-Houston_Electric_Company" title="Thomson-Houston Electric Company"&gt;Thomson-Houston Electric Company&lt;/a&gt; to form &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric"&gt;General Electric&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Edison" title="Commonwealth Edison"&gt;Commonwealth Edison&lt;/a&gt;, now part of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exelon" title="Exelon"&gt;Exelon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Edison" title="Consolidated Edison"&gt;Consolidated Edison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_International" title="Edison International"&gt;Edison International&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_Edison" title="Southern California Edison"&gt;Southern California Edison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison_Mission_Energy&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Mission Energy (page does not exist)"&gt;Edison Mission Energy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison_Capital&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Capital (page does not exist)"&gt;Edison Capital&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Edison" title="Detroit Edison"&gt;Detroit Edison&lt;/a&gt;, a unit of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTE_Energy" title="DTE Energy"&gt;DTE Energy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Edison Sault Electric Company, a unit of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Energy_Corporation" title="Wisconsin Energy Corporation"&gt;Wisconsin Energy Corporation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FirstEnergy" title="FirstEnergy"&gt;FirstEnergy&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Metropolitan Edison&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Ohio Edison&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Toledo Edison&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_S.p.A." title="Edison S.p.A."&gt;Edison S.p.A.&lt;/a&gt;, a unit of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italenergia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Italenergia (page does not exist)"&gt;Italenergia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Edison" title="Boston Edison" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Boston Edison&lt;/a&gt;, a unit of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSTAR" title="NSTAR"&gt;NSTAR&lt;/a&gt;, formerly known as the Edison Electric Illuminating Company&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEEI" title="WEEI"&gt;WEEI&lt;/a&gt; radio station in Boston, established by the Edison Electric Illuminating Company (hence the call letters)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Awards_named_in_honor_of_Edison" id="Awards_named_in_honor_of_Edison"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Awards named in honor of Edison"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Awards named in honor of Edison&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Medal" title="Edison Medal" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Edison Medal&lt;/a&gt; was created on February 11, 1904, by a group of Edison's friends and associates. Four years later the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers"&gt;American Institute of Electrical Engineers&lt;/a&gt; (AIEE), later &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"&gt;IEEE&lt;/a&gt;, entered into an agreement with the group to present the medal as its highest award. The first medal was presented in 1909 to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson"&gt;Elihu Thomson&lt;/a&gt; and, in a twist of fate, was awarded to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla"&gt;Nikola Tesla&lt;/a&gt; in 1917. It is the oldest award in the area of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering"&gt;electrical and electronics engineering&lt;/a&gt;, and is presented annually "for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science, electrical engineering or the electrical arts."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"&gt;Netherlands&lt;/a&gt;, the major music awards are named the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Award" title="Edison Award"&gt;Edison Award&lt;/a&gt; after him.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Honors_and_awards_given_to_Edison" id="Honors_and_awards_given_to_Edison"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Honors and awards given to Edison"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Honors and awards given to Edison&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1887, Edison won the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal"&gt;Matteucci Medal&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;He was ranked thirty-fifth on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_H._Hart" title="Michael H. Hart"&gt;Michael H. Hart&lt;/a&gt;'s 1978 book &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_100" title="The 100"&gt;The 100&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, a list of the most influential figures in history. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_%28magazine%29" title="Life (magazine)"&gt;Life&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; magazine (USA), in a special double issue in 1997, placed Edison first in the list of the "100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years", noting that the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulb" title="Light bulb" class="mw-redirect"&gt;light bulb&lt;/a&gt; he promoted "lit up the world". In the 2005 television series &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatest_American" title="The Greatest American"&gt;The Greatest American&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, he was voted by viewers as the fifteenth-greatest.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1983, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress"&gt;United States Congress&lt;/a&gt;, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97 - 198), designated February 11, Edison's birthday, as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor%27s_Day#United_States" title="Inventor's Day"&gt;National Inventor's Day&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Other_items_named_after_Edison" id="Other_items_named_after_Edison"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Other items named after Edison"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Other items named after Edison&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy"&gt;United States Navy&lt;/a&gt; named the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Edison_%28DD-439%29" title="USS Edison (DD-439)"&gt;USS Edison (DD-439)&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaves_class_destroyer" title="Gleaves class destroyer"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gleaves&lt;/i&gt; class&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer"&gt;destroyer&lt;/a&gt;, in his honor in 1940. The ship was decommissioned a few months after the end of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II"&gt;World War II&lt;/a&gt;. In 1962, the Navy commissioned &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thomas_A._Edison_%28SSBN-610%29" title="USS Thomas A. Edison (SSBN-610)"&gt;USS Thomas A. Edison (SSBN-610)&lt;/a&gt;, a fleet ballistic missile nuclear-powered submarine. Decommissioned on December 1, 1983, Thomas A. Edison was stricken from the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register" title="Naval Vessel Register"&gt;Naval Vessel Register&lt;/a&gt; on April 30, 1986. She went through the Navy’s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Powered_Ship_and_Submarine_Recycling_Program" title="Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program&lt;/a&gt; at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerton" title="Bremerton" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bremerton&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington" title="Washington"&gt;Washington&lt;/a&gt;, beginning on October 1, 1996. When she finished the program on December 1, 1997, she ceased to exist as a complete ship and was listed as scrapped.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="In_popular_culture" id="In_popular_culture"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=22" title="Edit section: In popular culture"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;In popular culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison_in_popular_culture" title="Thomas Edison in popular culture"&gt;Thomas Edison in popular culture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="See_also" id="See_also"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=23" title="Edit section: See also"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Birthplace" title="Thomas Alva Edison Birthplace"&gt;Thomas Alva Edison Birthplace&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Edison_patents" title="List of Edison patents"&gt;List of Edison patents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulb#History_of_the_light_bulb" title="Light bulb" class="mw-redirect"&gt;History of the light bulb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Ireland" title="List of people on stamps of Ireland"&gt;List of people on stamps of Ireland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Edison_%28DD-439%29" title="USS Edison (DD-439)"&gt;USS Edison (DD-439)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I._Beggs" title="John I. Beggs"&gt;John I. Beggs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_Hero_Classics" title="Animated Hero Classics"&gt;Animated Hero Classics&lt;/a&gt; - Animated DVD biography series of historical figures, including Thomas Edison&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="References" id="References"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=24" title="Edit section: References"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Notes" id="Notes"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;ol class="references"&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Baldwin-0"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Baldwin_0-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Baldwin, Neal (1995). &lt;i&gt;Edison: Inventing the Century&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_%28publisher%29" title="Hyperion (publisher)"&gt;Hyperion&lt;/a&gt;, 3-5. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786860413" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-7868-6041-3&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Edison%3A+Inventing+the+Century&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Baldwin&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Neal&amp;amp;rft.date=1995&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BHyperion+%28publisher%29%7CHyperion%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pages=3-5"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-1" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.nps.gov/edis/home_family/fam_album.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.nps.gov/edis/home_family/fam_album.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Edison Family Album&lt;/a&gt;".  US National Park Service. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_11" title="March 11"&gt;03-11&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Josephson-2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Josephson_2-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Edison" by Matthew Josephson. McGraw Hill, New York, 1959, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0070330468" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-07-033046-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-3" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Edison: Inventing the Century" by Neil Baldwin, University of Chicago Press, 2001, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226035719" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-226-03571-9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-4" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Josephson, p 18&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-5"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-5" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/" class="external free" title="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-6" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Baldwin, page 37&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-7"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-7" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Baldwin, pages 40-41&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-8"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-8" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=US000090646" class="external autonumber" title="http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=US000090646" rel="nofollow"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;U. S. Patent 90,646&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-9"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-9" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://edison.rutgers.edu/vote.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://edison.rutgers.edu/vote.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Rutgers University, The Edison Papers. Retrieved March 20, 2007&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-10"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-10" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Older Son To Sue To Void Edison Will; William, Second Child Of The Inventor's First Marriage, Sees Leaning To Younger Sons. Charges Undue Influence Attacks Power Of Executors, Holding Father Was Failing When Codicil Was Made. Older Son To Sue To Void Edison Will W.L. Edison An Inventor. Charles Confers With Counsel.", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; (October 31, 1931)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21" title="July 21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. "The will of Thomas A. Edison, filed in Newark last Thursday, which leaves the bulk of the inventor's $12 million estate to the sons of his second wife, was attacked as unfair yesterday by William L. Edison, second son of the first wife, who announced at the same time that he would sue to break it."&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Older+Son+To+Sue+To+Void+Edison+Will%3B+William%2C+Second+Child+Of+The+Inventor%27s+First+Marriage%2C+Sees+Leaning+To+Younger+Sons.+Charges+Undue+Influence+Attacks+Power+Of+Executors%2C+Holding+Father+Was+Failing+When+Codicil+Was+Made.+Older+Son+To+Sue+To+Void+Edison+Will+W.L.+Edison+An+Inventor.+Charles+Confers+With+Counsel.&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=October+31%2C+1931"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-11"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-11" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/people.php?id=1234723&amp;amp;lid=1" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/people.php?id=1234723&amp;amp;lid=1" rel="nofollow"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; IEEE Virtual Museum. retrieved Jan 15, 2007&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-12"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-12" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Madeleine Edison a Bride. Inventor's Daughter Married to J. E. Sloan by Mgr. Brann.", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; (June 18, 1914, Thursday)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21" title="July 21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Madeleine+Edison+a+Bride.+Inventor%27s+Daughter+Married+to+J.+E.+Sloan+by+Mgr.+Brann.&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=June+18%2C+1914%2C+Thursday"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-13"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-13" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Mrs. John Eyre Sloane Has a Son at the Harbor Sanitarium Here.", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; (January 10, 1931, Saturday)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21" title="July 21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Mrs.+John+Eyre+Sloane+Has+a+Son+at+the+Harbor+Sanitarium+Here.&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=January+10%2C+1931%2C+Saturday"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-14"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-14" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Charles Edison, 78, Ex-Governor Of Jersey and U.S. Aide, Is Dead", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; (August 1, 1969)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21" title="July 21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Charles+Edison%2C+78%2C+Ex-Governor+Of+Jersey+and+U.S.+Aide%2C+Is+Dead&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=August+1%2C+1969"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-15"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-15" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Theodore M. Edison; An Illustrious Father Guided Inventor, 94", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; (November 26, 1992)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21" title="July 21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. "Theodore M. Edison, an inventor, environmentalist and philanthropist who was the last surviving child of the inventor Thomas Alva Edison, died on Tuesday at his home in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange" title="West Orange"&gt;West Orange&lt;/a&gt;. He was 94 years old. He died of Parkinson's disease, said a cousin, Kim Arnn. After &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Thomas Alva Edison&lt;/a&gt; died in 1931, Theodore Edison took charge of his father's experimental laboratories in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange" title="West Orange"&gt;West Orange&lt;/a&gt;. His father's more than 1,000 inventions included the microphone, the phonograph and the incandescent electric lamp."&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Theodore+M.+Edison%3B+An+Illustrious+Father+Guided+Inventor%2C+94&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=November+26%2C+1992"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-16"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-16" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Edison's Widow Very III", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; (August 21, 1947, Thursday)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21" title="July 21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Edison%27s+Widow+Very+III&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=August+21%2C+1947%2C+Thursday"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-17"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-17" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Rites for Mrs. Edison", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; (August 26, 1947, Tuesday)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21" title="July 21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Rites+for+Mrs.+Edison&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=August+26%2C+1947%2C+Tuesday"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-18"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-18" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Evans, Harold, "They Made America." Little, Brown and Company, New York, 2004. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316277665" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-316-27766-5&lt;/a&gt;. page152.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-19"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-19" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.eliotmaine.org/mosespage.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.eliotmaine.org/mosespage.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Moses G. Farmer, Eliot's Inventor&lt;/a&gt;". Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_11" title="March 11"&gt;03-11&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-20"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-20" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Shulman, Seth (1999). &lt;i&gt;Owning the Future&lt;/i&gt;. Houghton Mifflin Company, 158-160.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Owning+the+Future&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Shulman&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Seth&amp;amp;rft.date=1999&amp;amp;rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&amp;amp;rft.pages=158-160"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-21"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-21" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,752631,00.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,752631,00.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; ""Real Labor," &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29" title="Time (magazine)"&gt;Time (magazine)&lt;/a&gt;, Dec. 8, 1930. (retrieved Jan 10, 2008)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Israel-22"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Israel_22-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Israel_22-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Israel_22-2" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Israel_22-3" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;d&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Israel_22-4" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Israel_22-5" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;f&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Israel_22-6" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;g&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Israel-2000"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Israel" title="Paul Israel"&gt;Israel, Paul&lt;/a&gt; (2000). &lt;i&gt;Edison: A Life of Invention&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons"&gt;John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471362700" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0471362700&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Edison%3A+A+Life+of+Invention&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Israel&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;amp;rft.date=2000&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BJohn+Wiley+%26+Sons%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0471362700"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Patent898-23"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Patent898_23-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-Patent898_23-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;&lt;a href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0223898" class="external text" title="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0223898" rel="nofollow"&gt;U.S. Patent 0,223,898&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="PDFlink noprint"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=0223898" class="external text" title="http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=0223898" rel="nofollow"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-24"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-24" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:aXya_5s0sjEJ:www.sloan-c.org/conference/proceedings/1996/doc/96_gomory.doc+%22We+will+make+electricity+so+cheap+that+only+the+rich+will+burn+candles.%22&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;gl=us&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;cd=3&amp;amp;client=firefox-a%7C" class="external text" title="http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:aXya_5s0sjEJ:www.sloan-c.org/conference/proceedings/1996/doc/96_gomory.doc+%22We+will+make+electricity+so+cheap+that+only+the+rich+will+burn+candles.%22&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;gl=us&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;cd=3&amp;amp;client=firefox-a|" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Keynote Address - Second International ALN1 Conference (PDF)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-EDJ1929-25"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-EDJ1929_25-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Diehl's Lamp Hit Edison Monopoly," Elizabeth Daily Journal, Friday Evening, October 25, 1929&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-26"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-26" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.ndbrno.cz/en/about-us/theatre-buildings/mahen-theatre/history-of-mahen-theatre/history-mt/" class="external text" title="http://www.ndbrno.cz/en/about-us/theatre-buildings/mahen-theatre/history-of-mahen-theatre/history-mt/" rel="nofollow"&gt;About the Memory of a Theatre&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;National Theatre Brno&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_30" title="December 30"&gt;12-30&lt;/a&gt;.. Retrieved September 18, 2007&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-27"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-27" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.snopes.com/science/lightbulb.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.snopes.com/science/lightbulb.asp" rel="nofollow"&gt;Urban Legends Reference Pages: Livermore Lightbulb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-28"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-28" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/edison/" class="external text" title="http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/edison/" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Henry Ford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-29"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-29" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://imdb.com/title/tt0231523/" class="external text" title="http://imdb.com/title/tt0231523/" rel="nofollow"&gt;IMDB entry on Electrocuting an Elephant (1903)&lt;/a&gt;". Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_11" title="March 11"&gt;03-11&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-30"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-30" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0104?" class="external text" title="http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0104?" rel="nofollow"&gt;Wired Magazine: "Jan. 4, 1903: Edison Fries an Elephant to Prove His Point"&lt;/a&gt;". Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_4" title="January 4"&gt;01-04&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-31"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-31" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Tony Long (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_4" title="January 4"&gt;01-04&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0104" class="external text" title="http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0104" rel="nofollow"&gt;Jan. 4, 1903: Edison Fries an Elephant to Prove His Point&lt;/a&gt;".  AlterNet. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_4" title="January 4"&gt;01-04&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-32"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-32" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Lee, Jennifer (November 14, 2007). "&lt;a href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/off-goes-the-power-current-started-by-thomas-edison/" class="external text" title="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/off-goes-the-power-current-started-by-thomas-edison/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Off Goes the Power Current Started by Thomas Edison&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;, The New York Times Company&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_30" title="December 30"&gt;12-30&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;amp;rft.title=Off+Goes+the+Power+Current+Started+by+Thomas+Edison&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcityroom.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F11%2F14%2Foff-goes-the-power-current-started-by-thomas-edison%2F&amp;amp;rft.source=The+New+York+Times&amp;amp;rft.publisher=The+New+York+Times+Company&amp;amp;rft.date=November+14%2C+2007"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-33"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-33" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://home.gwi.net/%7Ednb/read/edison/edison_xrays.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://home.gwi.net/~dnb/read/edison/edison_xrays.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt; Edison, Clarence Dally, and the Hidden Perils of the X-Rays&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-34"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-34" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://edison.rutgers.edu/" class="external text" title="http://edison.rutgers.edu" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Thomas A. Edison Papers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-35"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-35" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://edison.rutgers.edu/patents.htm" class="external text" title="http://edison.rutgers.edu/patents.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Edison's Patents - The Edison Papers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-36"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-36" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_america.html" class="external text" title="http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_america.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Tesla - Master of Lightning:Coming to America&lt;/a&gt;". Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_11" title="March 11"&gt;03-11&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-37"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-37" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Jonnes, p110&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-38"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-38" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Tesla Says Edison was an Empiricist. Electrical Technician Declares Persistent Trials Attested Inventor's Vigor. 'His Method Inefficient' A Little Theory Would Have Saved Him 90% of Labor, Ex-Aide Asserts. Praises His Great Genius.", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; (October 19, 1931)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21" title="July 21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. "Nikola Tesla, one of the world's outstanding electrical technicians, who came to America in 1884 to work with Thomas A. Edison, specifically in the designing of motors and generators, recounted yesterday some of ..."&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Tesla+Says+Edison+was+an+Empiricist.+Electrical+Technician+Declares+Persistent+Trials+Attested+Inventor%27s+Vigor.+%27His+Method+Inefficient%27+A+Little+Theory+Would+Have+Saved+Him+90%25+of+Labor%2C+Ex-Aide+Asserts.+Praises+His+Great+Genius.&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=October+19%2C+1931"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-39"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-39" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist.html" class="external text" title="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;History of Edison Motion Pictures&lt;/a&gt;". Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_14" title="October 14"&gt;10-14&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-40"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-40" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.victorian-cinema.net/stollwerck.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.victorian-cinema.net/stollwerck.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.victorian-cinema.net/stollwerck.htm&lt;/a&gt; - Martin Loiperdinger. &lt;i&gt;Film &amp;amp; Schokolade. Stollwercks Geschäfte mit lebenden Bildern&lt;/i&gt; . KINtop Schriften Stroemfeld Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Basel 1999 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3878777647" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 3-87877-764-7&lt;/a&gt; (Buch) &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3878777604" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 3-87877-760-4&lt;/a&gt; (Buch und Videocassette&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-41"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-41" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/company/co0111244/" class="external free" title="http://www.imdb.com/company/co0111244/" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.imdb.com/company/co0111244/&lt;/a&gt; Guido Convents, &lt;i&gt;Van Kinetoscoop tot Cafe-Cine de Eerste Jaren van de Film in Belgie, 1894-1908, pp.33-69.&lt;/i&gt; Universitaire Pers Leuven. Leuven: 2000. Guido Convents, "'Edison's Kinetscope in Belgium, or, Scientists, Admirers, Businessmen, Industrialists and Crooks", pp.249-258. in C. Dupré la Tour, A. Gaudreault, R. Pearson (Ed.) &lt;i&gt;Cinema at the Turn of the Century&lt;/i&gt;. Québec, 1999.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-42"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-42" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "[&lt;a href="http://www.sudburymuseums.ca/index.cfm?app=w_vmuseum&amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;currID=2031&amp;amp;parID=2029" class="external text" title="http://www.sudburymuseums.ca/index.cfm?app=w_vmuseum&amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;currID=2031&amp;amp;parID=2029" rel="nofollow"&gt;Heritage Museums&lt;/a&gt; at www.sudburymuseums.ca Thomas Edison]". &lt;i&gt;Heritage Museums&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_30" title="December 30"&gt;12-30&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.sudburymuseums.ca/index.cfm?app=w_vmuseum&amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;currID=2031&amp;amp;parID=2029" class="external free" title="http://www.sudburymuseums.ca/index.cfm?app=w_vmuseum&amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;currID=2031&amp;amp;parID=2029" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.sudburymuseums.ca/index.cfm?app=w_vmuseum&amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;currID=2031&amp;amp;parID=2029&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-43"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-43" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nkyr7ARHY6sC&amp;amp;pg=PA36&amp;amp;sig=tjDUDk-sLW7WviFE0_So3zYeDWs#PPA36,M1" class="external autonumber" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=Nkyr7ARHY6sC&amp;amp;pg=PA36&amp;amp;sig=tjDUDk-sLW7WviFE0_So3zYeDWs#PPA36,M1" rel="nofollow"&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt; Rémi Fournier Lanzoni, French Cinema: From Its Beginnings to the Present (2002)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-44"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-44" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.victorian-cinema.net/lubin.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.victorian-cinema.net/lubin.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt; Siegmund Lubin (1851-1923), Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. Retrieved August 20, 2007&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-45"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-45" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist1.html#EE" class="external autonumber" title="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist1.html#EE" rel="nofollow"&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt; "History of Edison Motion Pictures: Early Edison Motion Picture Production (1892–1895)." Memory.loc.gov, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress"&gt;Library of Congress&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved August 20, 2007&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-46"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-46" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Reader's Digest, March 1930, pg. 1042-1044,"Living With a Genius", condensed from The American Magazine February 1930&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-47"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-47" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Armbrester-1992"&gt;Armbrester, Margaret E. (1992). &lt;i&gt;The Civitan Story&lt;/i&gt;. Birmingham, AL: Ebsco Media, 34.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Civitan+Story&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Armbrester&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&amp;amp;rft.date=1992&amp;amp;rft.pub=Ebsco+Media&amp;amp;rft.place=Birmingham%2C+AL&amp;amp;rft.pages=34"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-48"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-48" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Holland-2001"&gt;Holland, Kevin J. (2001). &lt;i&gt;Classic American Railroad Terminals&lt;/i&gt;. MBI Publishing Company. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0760308322" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0760308322&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Classic+American+Railroad+Terminals&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Holland&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&amp;amp;rft.date=2001&amp;amp;rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0760308322"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-49"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-49" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Reader's Digest, March 1930, pg. 1042-1044,"Living With a Genius", condensed from The American Magazine February 1930&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-50"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-50" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "Thomas Edison Dies in Coma at 84; Family With Him as the End Comes; Inventor Succumbs at 3:24 A.M. After Fight for Life Since He Was Stricken on August 1. World-Wide Tribute Is Paid to Him as a Benefactor of Mankind", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; (October 18, 1931)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21" title="July 21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey"&gt;West Orange, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;, Sunday, October 18, 1931. Thomas Alva Edison died at 3:24 o'clock this morning at his home, Glenmont, in the Llewellyn Park section of this city. The great inventor, the fruits of whose genius so magically transformed the everyday world, was 84 years and 8 months old."&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Thomas+Edison+Dies+in+Coma+at+84%3B+Family+With+Him+as+the+End+Comes%3B+Inventor+Succumbs+at+3%3A24+A.M.+After+Fight+for+Life+Since+He+Was+Stricken+on+August+1.+World-Wide+Tribute+Is+Paid+to+Him+as+a+Benefactor+of+Mankind&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=October+18%2C+1931"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-51"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-51" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_128a.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_128a.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt; "Is Thomas Edison's last breath preserved in a test tube in the Henry Ford Museum?" &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope"&gt;The Straight Dope&lt;/a&gt;, 11-Sep-1987. Retrieved August 20, 2007&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-52"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-52" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ""No Immortality of the Soul" says Thomas A. Edison. In Fact, He Doesn't Believe There Is a Soul—Human Beings Only an Aggregate of Cells and the Brain Only a Wonderful Machine, Says Wizard of Electricity.", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt; (October 2, 1910, Sunday)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21" title="July 21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. "Thomas A. Edison in the following interview for the first time speaks to the public on the vital subjects of the human soul and immortality. It will be bound to be a most fascinating, an amazing statement, from one of the most notable and interesting men of the age ... Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me—the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love—He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us—nature did it all—not the gods of the religions."&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=%22No+Immortality+of+the+Soul%22+says+Thomas+A.+Edison.+In+Fact%2C+He+Doesn%27t+Believe+There+Is+a+Soul%26mdash%3BHuman+Beings+Only+an+Aggregate+of+Cells+and+the+Brain+Only+a+Wonderful+Machine%2C+Says+Wizard+of+Electricity.&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=October+2%2C+1910%2C+Sunday"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-53"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#cite_ref-53" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.edison.cc.oh.us/" class="external text" title="http://www.edison.cc.oh.us/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Edison Community College (Ohio)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Bibliography" id="Bibliography"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Bibliography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="references-small" style="margin-left: 1.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Albion, Michele Wehrwein. (2008). &lt;i&gt;The Florida Life of Thomas Edison&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813032597" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 978-0-8130-3259-7&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Florida+Life+of+Thomas+Edison&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Albion&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Michele+Wehrwein.&amp;amp;rft.date=2008&amp;amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8130-3259-7"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Adams, Glen J. (2004). &lt;i&gt;The Search for Thomas Edison's Boyhood Home&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781411613614" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 978-1-4116-1361-4&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Thomas+Edison%27s+Boyhood+Home&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Adams&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Glen+J.&amp;amp;rft.date=2004&amp;amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4116-1361-4"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Angel, Ernst (1926). &lt;i&gt;Edison. Sein Leben und Erfinden&lt;/i&gt;. Berlin: Ernst Angel Verlag.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Edison.+Sein+Leben+und+Erfinden&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Angel&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Ernst&amp;amp;rft.date=1926&amp;amp;rft.pub=Ernst+Angel+Verlag&amp;amp;rft.place=Berlin"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Baldwin, Neil (2001). &lt;i&gt;Edison: Inventing the Century&lt;/i&gt;. University of Chicago Press. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226035719" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-226-03571-9&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Edison%3A+Inventing+the+Century&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Baldwin&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Neil&amp;amp;rft.date=2001&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-226-03571-9"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Clark, Ronald William (1977). &lt;i&gt;Edison: The man who made the future&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0354040936" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-354-04093-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Edison%3A+The+man+who+made+the+future&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Ronald+William&amp;amp;rft.date=1977&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-354-04093-6"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Conot, Robert (1979). &lt;i&gt;A Streak of Luck&lt;/i&gt;. New York: Seaview Books. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872235211" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-87223-521-1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+Streak+of+Luck&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Conot&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;amp;rft.date=1979&amp;amp;rft.pub=Seaview+Books&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-87223-521-1"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Essig, Mark. &lt;i&gt;Edison and the Electric Chair&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750936800" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-7509-3680-0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Edison+and+the+Electric+Chair&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Essig&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-7509-3680-0"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Essig, Mark (2003). &lt;i&gt;Edison &amp;amp; the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death&lt;/i&gt;. New York: Walker &amp;amp; Company. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802714064" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-8027-1406-4&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Edison+%26+the+Electric+Chair%3A+A+Story+of+Light+and+Death&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Essig&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-8027-1406-4"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Jonnes, Jill (2003). &lt;i&gt;Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World&lt;/i&gt;. New York: Random House. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375507396" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-375-50739-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Empires+of+Light%3A+Edison%2C+Tesla%2C+Westinghouse%2C+and+the+Race+to+Electrify+the+World&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Jonnes&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Jill&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Random+House&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-375-50739-6"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Josephson, Matthew (1959). &lt;i&gt;Edison&lt;/i&gt;. McGraw Hill. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0070330468" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-07-033046-8&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Edison&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Josephson&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;amp;rft.date=1959&amp;amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-07-033046-8"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Pretzer, William S. (ed). (1989). &lt;i&gt;Working at Inventing: Thomas A. Edison and the Menlo Park Experience&lt;/i&gt;. Dearborn, Michigan: Henry Ford Museum &amp;amp; Greenfield Village. ISBN &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0933728336" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-933728-33-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Working+at+Inventing%3A+Thomas+A.+Edison+and+the+Menlo+Park+Experience&amp;amp;rft.au=Pretzer%2C+William+S.+%28ed%29.&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rft.pub=Henry+Ford+Museum+%26+Greenfield+Village&amp;amp;rft.place=Dearborn%2C+Michigan&amp;amp;rft.isbn=ISBN 0-933728-33-6"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Stross, Randall E. (2007). &lt;i&gt;The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World&lt;/i&gt;. Crown. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400047625" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 1-400-04762-5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Wizard+of+Menlo+Park%3A+How+Thomas+Alva+Edison+Invented+the+Modern+World&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Stross&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Randall+E.&amp;amp;rft.date=2007&amp;amp;rft.pub=Crown&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-400-04762-5"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="External_links" id="External_links"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=27" title="Edit section: External links"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="infobox sisterproject"&gt; &lt;div class="floatleft"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikiquote-logo-en.svg" class="image" title="Wikiquote-logo-en.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/49px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" border="0" width="49" height="49" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: 60px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote"&gt;Wikiquote&lt;/a&gt; has a collection of quotations related to: &lt;div style="margin-left: 10px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Edison" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Thomas Edison"&gt;Thomas Edison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="infobox sisterproject"&gt; &lt;div style="float: left;" align="left"&gt; &lt;div style="position: relative;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Commons::Category:Thomas Alva Edison"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" border="0" width="50" height="67" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: 60px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt; has media related to: &lt;div style="margin-left: 10px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thomas Alva Edison"&gt;Thomas Alva Edison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Thomas+A.+Edison" class="external text" title="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Thomas+A.+Edison" rel="nofollow"&gt;Works by Thomas Edison&lt;/a&gt; at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg"&gt;Project Gutenberg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/thomas_edison_patent.html" class="external text" title="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/thomas_edison_patent.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Edison's patent application for the light bulb&lt;/a&gt; at the National Archives.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0249379/" class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0249379/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Thomas Edison&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database"&gt;Internet Movie Database&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0104?" class="external text" title="http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0104?" rel="nofollow"&gt;Jan. 4, 1903: Edison Fries an Elephant to Prove His Point&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_%28magazine%29" title="Wired (magazine)"&gt;Wired Magazine&lt;/a&gt; article about Edison's "macabre form of a series of animal electrocutions using AC."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/25edison/25edison.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/25edison/25edison.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison's Laboratories&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="gutenberg" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/820" class="external text" title="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/820" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Edison, His Life and Inventions&lt;/i&gt; by Frank Lewis Dyer and Thomas Commerford Martin'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg"&gt;Project Gutenberg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://ariwatch.com/VS/TheDiaryOfThomasEdison.htm" class="external text" title="http://ariwatch.com/VS/TheDiaryOfThomasEdison.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Diary of Thomas Edison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.edisonhouse.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.edisonhouse.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Thomas Edison House&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.phmuseum.org/depot/depot.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.phmuseum.org/depot/depot.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Edison Depot Museum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/edison/" class="external text" title="http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/edison/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Edison exhibit and Menlo Park Laboratory at Henry Ford Museum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.edisonmuseum.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.edisonmuseum.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;Edison Museum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://edison.rutgers.edu/" class="external text" title="http://edison.rutgers.edu" rel="nofollow"&gt;Rutgers: Edison Papers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.edisonian.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.edisonian.com/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Edisonian Museum Antique Electrics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;"&lt;a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/edison/" class="external text" title="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/edison/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Edison's Miracle of Light&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6886076941189282716-5587018510028382652?l=falcomfire.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/feeds/5587018510028382652/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6886076941189282716&amp;postID=5587018510028382652' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/5587018510028382652'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/5587018510028382652'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/2008/09/thomas-edison.html' title='Thomas Edison'/><author><name>farhan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13737463715496313059</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='12294366802893612215'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6886076941189282716.post-779679951495948178</id><published>2008-09-08T23:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-08T23:44:47.179-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Che Guevara</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Siapakah Sebenarnya Che Guevara ?&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Sosoknya dikenal banyak orang, tapi kebanyakan hanya sedikit orang yang tahu tentang perjalanan hidupnya yang mengagumkan. Ini bukan tanpa sengaja. Kehidupan Che adalah sebuah cerita tentang satu komitmen untuk memerangi semua nilai yang menjerat masyarakat konsumtif kapitalis. Sosoknya menimbulkan sebuah keberanian, menumbuhkan semangat pemberontakan pada dada rakyat di seluruh dunia. Tidak sanggup untuk menguburkan sentimen tersebut, perusahaan-perusahaan kapitalis melakukan pendekatan untuk memanfaatkan dan memodifikasinya, dan juga dengan cara tersebut mereka berusaha menjinakkannya. Tujuan itu sampai sekarang masih belum tercapai.&lt;br /&gt;Masa muda Ernesto â€œCheâ€ Guevara adalah sebuah petualangan dan penjelajahan. Meskipun dia dibesarkan di keluarga yang berkecukupan di Argentina dan belajar di bidang kedokteran, dia banyak menghabiskan waktunya untuk mengelilingi Amerika Latin&lt;br /&gt;Ketika lulus dari Fakultas kedokteran, Che meninggalkan Argentina, berpura-pura untuk pergi bekerja pada penderita penyakit kusta di Venezuela. Dia benar-benar mencari jawaban yang mendalam atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang mengganggu perasaannya. Dalam pengembaraanya dia melihat kesengsaraan dan kemelaratan yang menjadi pemandangan sehari-hari di Amerika Latin. Bisakah seorang dokter mengobati semua pasien ini ?&lt;br /&gt;Pada tahun 1953 terjadi kekacauan politik di Guetemala. Di tahun 1950 seorang komandan militer sayap kiri, Jacobo Arbenz, terpilih sebagai presiden dan memulai untuk melakukan reformasi politik. Dia meliberalkan hukum-hukum perburuhan, menaikkan upah minimum, mengakhiri repressi terhadap aktifitas politik, dan memulai sebuah kebijakan reformasi agraria. Amerika Serikat menjadi cemas.&lt;br /&gt;Tahun 1953 Arbenz mengambil-alih ratusan hektar tanah kosong yang dimiliki perusahaan Amerika United Fruit Company. Respon Amerika sangat cepat sekali. Sebuah embargo dilakukan dan n bantuan-bantuan teknis diputuskan. Bulan November 1953, semua kapal yang berlabuh di Guatemala dikejar-kejar oleh tentara Amerika.&lt;br /&gt;18 Juni 1954, rombongan pasukan tempur yang diangkut pesawat tempur Amerika menyerbu melalui Honduras. Kaum revolusioner di Guetamala meminta kepada Arbenz untuk mempersenjatai rakyat sebagai alat untuk melawan agresi Amerika, namun sang Presiden Guetemala itu menolaknya. Malahan Arbenz menggunakan satuan tempur reguler Guetemala untuk menghadang invasi. Kesuksesan dalam menghadapi invasi Amerika itu tidak mengurangi ketegangan di Guetamala.&lt;br /&gt;Setelah kegagalan invasi yang menggunakan serdadu bayaran itu, imperialis AS melirik kubu sayap kanan militer dan mengagitasinya untuk melakukan kup. Pada 21 Juni, pemerintahan Arbenz ambruk dan dia mengundurkan diri dari jabatannya. Kedudukannya digantikan tokoh militer sayap kanan, Kolonel Monzon.&lt;br /&gt;Aktivitas-aktivitas politik yang dilakukan Che di Guatemala mendapat perhatian CIA, yang memasukkan dia dalam daftar orang-orang komunis yang berbahaya yang harus segera diringkus. Informasi ini dibocorkan pejabat kedutaan Argentina, yang menawarkan perlindungan untuk Che.&lt;br /&gt;Dari kegagalan pemerintahan Arbenz di Guetemala,Che belajar dua hal penting. Dia menyadari imperialis AS adalah musuh terbesar rakyat Amerika Latin dan kaum revolusioner tidak bisa mengandalkan mesin-mesin negara atau pemerintahan kapitalis, meskipun yang progresif seperti di Guetemala.&lt;br /&gt;Tragedi Guetemala meyakinkan Che akan kebutuhan solusi revolusioner untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah Amerika Latin. Dia sekarang menyebut dirinya seorang Marxis dan berargumen seharusnya Arbenz mempersenjatai rakyat untuk melawan agresi yang disponsori imperialis AS.&lt;br /&gt;Che meninggalkan revolusi yang gagal itu dan pergi ke Mexico. Di sana dia ketemu revolusioner Kuba yang sedang dalam pelarian, Fidel dan Raul Castro. Mereka berbincang semalaman dan paginya dia memutuskan untuk bergabung dengan Castro dalam ekspedisi revolusioner ke Kuba. â€œSetelah pengalaman mengelilingi Amerika dan akhir kudeta di Guetemala, yang kesemuanya tidak begitu menarikku untuk bergabung dengan kaum revolusioner melawan tiraniâ€, begitu Che berkata.&lt;br /&gt;Tahun 1956, 82 orang militan berkumpul dalam sebuah perahu layar yang bernama Granma dan berlayar menuju Kuba. Pendaratan mereka di propinsi Oriente Selatan diharapkan disertai dengan letupan pemberontakan (up rising). Tapi ekspedisi ini terlihat sangat nekat. Delapan puluh dua orang gerilyawan yang tidak begitu terlatih dan miskin persenjataan, menjejalkan diri dalam perahu yang sebenarnya untuk memuat 12 orang, berharap untuk melawan tentara Kuba yang dibekingi Amerika. Bagaimana mereka bisa berharap menang ?&lt;br /&gt;Kuba sedang bergolak, sedang dalam keadaan matang untuk sebuah revolusi. Fulgencio Batista mendapatkan kekuasaan lewat sebuah kudeta militer di tahun 1952; dia adalah anak kesayangan Paman Sam di Havana.&lt;br /&gt;Perusahaan-perusahaan Amerika mendominasi perekonomian Kuba. Perusahaan AS mengkontrol 80 % barang-barang yang ada di Kuba, 90 % di pertambangan, 100 % penyulingan minyak, 40 % industri gula dan 90 % peternakan sapi. Hal ini membawa sedikit kemakmuran bagi rakyat Kuba : 50 % orang tidak mendapatkan listrik, 40 % penduduk masih buta huruf, dan 95 % anak-anak di daerah pedesaan menderita karena kemiskinan dan berbagai penyakit.&lt;br /&gt;Batista melakukan yang terbaik untuk menghancurkan semua gerakan pelajar, mahasiswa, buruh dan petani. Antara tahun 1952 sampai 1959, 20.000 orang telah dibantai oleh tukang jagalnya Tuan Batista.&lt;br /&gt;Granma diserang oleh tentara Batista ketika mendarat; hanya 12 orang dari anggota ekspedisi yang selamat. Che, Castro dan yang lainnya lari ke pegunungan Sierra Maestra dan mendirikan sebuah basis pertahanan. Disana mereka memulai membangun kembali tentara pemberontak dan sebuah partai politik baru, Gerakan 26 Juli.&lt;br /&gt;Strategi Castro bersandar pada memenangkan dukungan dari petani sekitarnya dan membangun sebuah basis perlawanan pertama di Oriente. Ketika kaum pemberontak mulai memenangkan pertempuran-pertempuran melawan tentara Batista, para petani mulai menunjukkan dukungannya. Program Reformasi Agraria yang dirancang Tentara Pemberontak banyak meraih simpati rakyat. Tahun 1958 para petani mulai bergabung dalam barisan tentara pemberontak, dan jumlahnya makin lama- makin membengkak.&lt;br /&gt;Ketika tentara pemberontak mendapatkan dukungan terbesarnya dari para petani, Gerakan 26 Juli juga mulai mendapatkan dukungan dari kelas pekerja perkotaan dan buruh-buruh tani. Gerakan ini menyusup ke kota-kota dan mulai mengorganisir kelas pekerja secara rahasia. Bulan April 1958, para pemberontak menyerukan pemogokan umum, tapi mereka belum mempunyai cukup dukungan dan organisasi yang memadai, dan akhirnya pemogokan tersebut gagal.&lt;br /&gt;Dengan memanfaatkan demoralisasi yang melanda rakyat, Batista mengumpulkan 10.000 tentara di kaki gunung Sierra Maestra pada bulan Mei 1958 dalam usahanya yang terakhir untuk menghancurkan gerilyawan revolusioner. Castro memimpin 300 orang pasukan. Selama 36 hari tentara rezim Batista menekan gerilyawan pemberontakan. Tanggal 18 Agustus, bagaimanapun dahsyatnya gempuran tentara Batista akhirnya mengalami kegagalan. Para gerilyawan di pegunungan tetap tak tersentuh, dan tentara Batista sudah tidak sanggup untuk bertempur lagi.&lt;br /&gt;Pemberontak revolusioner melakukan serangan balik dengan mengirimkan dua regu gerilyawan untuk merebut daerah baru. Salah satunya di pimpin oleh Che Guevara. Bulan Oktober para pemberontak berhasil mendirikan sebuah basis perlawanan di pegunungan Escambray, di daerah tengah Kuba, dibawah komando Che Guevara. Mereka juga mendirikan basis lain di pegunungan Sierra Cristal, dimana Raul Castro menerapkan reformasi agraria dan membebaskan daerah yang berpenduduk lima ratus ribu orang.&lt;br /&gt;Tahun 1958 para pemberontak berkembang dari dulunya sebuah unit gerilya menjadi tentara rakyat. Bulan November pasukan Castro turun gunung dan melakukan penyerangan ke kota Santiago, kota terbesar kedua di Kuba. Di Bulan Desember pasukan Che menuju ke Santa Clara dan disambut oleh pemberontakan rakyat yang di organisir Gerakan 26 Juli.&lt;br /&gt;Tanggal 1 Januari 1959, Batista merasa terancam dan melarikan diri dari Kuba dengan membawa US$ 7 juta dalam kopernya. Pejabat militernya mendeklarasikan pemerintahan baru. Castro meresponnya dengan mengadakan pemogokan umum yang kedua. Kali ini pemogokan umum ini berjalan dengan sukses, memperlihatkan dukungan penuh dari kelas pekerja kepada para gerilyawan pemberontak. Tanggal 2 Januari, Castro masuk ke Santiago dan Che ke Havana. Kuba berhasil dibebaskan.&lt;br /&gt;Dalam pemerintahan revolusioner baru, Che bertugas untuk melakukan reorganisasi industri dan agrikultural. Hanya lima bulan setelah keruntuhan Rezim Batista, Che menetapkan sebuah Hukum bagi mereka yang mempunyai tanah seluas lebih dari 400 ha untuk di redistribusikan ke para petani yang tidak mempunyai tanah dan memaksa para tuan-tuan tanah untuk mengerjakan sendiri tanahnya. Dia membantu untuk menyelenggarakan sekolah gratis di Kuba dan meluncurkan kampanye sukarelawan pendidikan yang akan di gunakan untuk memberantas buta huruf yang menghasilkan tingkat melek huruf yang lebih tinggi jika di bandingkan dengan Amerika.&lt;br /&gt;Che menekankan pentingnya keterlibatan para pemuda dalam perjuangan revolusiner. Berbicara pada Persatuan Pemuda Komunis tahun 1962, dia berkata â€œKalian, Kawan-Kawan, harus menjadi pelopor untuk seluruh gerakan, pertama sekali kalian harus sanggup untuk mengorbankan diri demi kebutuhan revolusi, apapun jadinyaâ€&lt;br /&gt;Dia menjadi pembicara berskala internasional untuk revolusi, secara aktif membantu gerakan revolusioner di Afrika, Asia dan Amerika Latin. Dia beberapa kali mengunjungi Uni Soviet, tapi tanpa takut mempublikasikan kritiknya tentang pemerintahannya (Uni Sovyet, pent) yang birokratis.&lt;br /&gt;Besarnya komitmen Che terhadap Internasionalisme sangat jelas didemonstrasikan tahun 1965, ketika dia secara tegas mengundurkan diri dari pemerintahan dan pergi untuk membantu gerakan revolusioner baru secara pribadi, pertama di Kongo dan kemudian di Bolivia.&lt;br /&gt;Saat berada di Bolivia tahun 1967, Che ditangkap CIA yang membekingi tentara Bolivia dan membunuhnya di usia 39 tahun. Tapi saat ini namanya dan reputasinya tertanam dengan kuat, dan wajahnya muncul dalam bendera-bendera, plakat, dan muncul sebagai personifikasi revolusi di dunia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6886076941189282716-779679951495948178?l=falcomfire.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/feeds/779679951495948178/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6886076941189282716&amp;postID=779679951495948178' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/779679951495948178'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/779679951495948178'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/2008/09/che-guevara.html' title='Che Guevara'/><author><name>farhan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13737463715496313059</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='12294366802893612215'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6886076941189282716.post-4333208203845848105</id><published>2008-09-05T11:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-06T09:03:04.039-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Ibnu Sina</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 style="text-align: justify;" class="firstHeading"&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;			&lt;!-- start content --&gt; 			&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ibnu Sina&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/980" title="980"&gt;980&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1037" title="1037"&gt;1037&lt;/a&gt;) dikenal juga sebagai &lt;b&gt;Avicenna&lt;/b&gt; di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat"&gt;Dunia Barat&lt;/a&gt; adalah seorang filsuf, ilmuwan, dan juga dokter kelahiran &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" title="Persia"&gt;Persia&lt;/a&gt; (sekarang sudah menjadi bagian &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"&gt;Uzbekistan&lt;/a&gt;). Beliau juga seorang penulis yang produktif dimana sebagian besar karyanya adalah tentang filosofi dan pengobatan. Bagi banyak orang, beliau adalah "Bapak Pengobatan Modern" dan masih banyak lagi sebutan baginya yang kebanyakan bersangkutan dengan karya-karyanya di bidang kedokteran. Karyanya yang sangat terkenal adalah Qanun fi Thib yang merupakan rujukan di bidang kedokteran selama berabad-abad.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ibnu Sina bernama lengkap Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn bin ‘Abdullāh bin Sīnā (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Persia" title="Bahasa Persia"&gt;Persia&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;ابوعلى سينا&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Abu Ali Sina&lt;/i&gt; atau dalam tulisan arab : &lt;b&gt;أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن سينا&lt;/b&gt;). Ibnu Sina lahir pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/980" title="980"&gt;980&lt;/a&gt; di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afsyahnah&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Afsyahnah (belum dibuat)"&gt;Afsyahnah&lt;/a&gt; daerah dekat &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara"&gt;Bukhara&lt;/a&gt;, sekarang wilayah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"&gt;Uzbekistan&lt;/a&gt; (kemudian &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" title="Persia"&gt;Persia&lt;/a&gt;), dan meninggal pada bulan Juni &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1037" title="1037"&gt;1037&lt;/a&gt; di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Hamadan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" title="Persia"&gt;Persia&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"&gt;Iran&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Dia adalah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengarang" title="Pengarang" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pengarang&lt;/a&gt; dari 450 buku pada beberapa pokok bahasan besar. Banyak diantaranya memusatkan pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi" class="mw-redirect"&gt;filosofi&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran"&gt;kedokteran&lt;/a&gt;. Dia dianggap oleh banyak orang sebagai "bapak kedokteran modern." &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Sarton&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Sarton (belum dibuat)"&gt;George Sarton&lt;/a&gt; menyebut Ibnu Sina "ilmuwan paling terkenal dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam"&gt;Islam&lt;/a&gt; dan salah satu yang paling terkenal pada semua bidang, tempat, dan waktu." pekerjaannya yang paling terkenal adalah &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Healing&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Book of Healing (belum dibuat)"&gt;The Book of Healing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Canon_of_Medicine&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Canon of Medicine (belum dibuat)"&gt;The Canon of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, dikenal juga sebagai sebagai &lt;i&gt;Qanun&lt;/i&gt; (judul lengkap: &lt;i&gt;Al-Qanun fi At Tibb&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" id="toc" class="toc" summary="Daftar isi"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Daftar isi&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;font class="toctoggle"&gt;[&lt;a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink"&gt;sembunyikan&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina#Awal_Kehidupan"&gt;&lt;font class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font class="toctext"&gt;Awal Kehidupan&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina#Kematian"&gt;&lt;font class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font class="toctext"&gt;Kematian&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina#Karya_Ibnu_Sina"&gt;&lt;font class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font class="toctext"&gt;Karya Ibnu Sina&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina#Lihat_pula"&gt;&lt;font class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font class="toctext"&gt;Lihat pula&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina#Pranala_luar"&gt;&lt;font class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font class="toctext"&gt;Pranala luar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;![CDATA[  if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "tampilkan"; var tocHideText = "sembunyikan"; showTocToggle(); }  //]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Awal_Kehidupan" id="Awal_Kehidupan"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;font class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibnu_Sina&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Awal Kehidupan"&gt;sunting&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font class="mw-headline"&gt;Awal Kehidupan&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Kehidupannyan dikenal lewat sumber - sumber &lt;i&gt;berkuasa&lt;/i&gt;. Suatu autobiografi membahas tiga puluh tahun pertama kehidupannya, dan sisanya didokumentasikan oleh muridnya &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juzjani,_Abu_Ubaid&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Juzjani, Abu Ubaid (belum dibuat)"&gt;al-Juzajani&lt;/a&gt;, yang juga sekretarisnya dan temannya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ibnu Sina lahir pada tahun 370 (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_Islam" title="Kalender Islam" class="mw-redirect"&gt;H&lt;/a&gt;) / 980 (M) di rumah ibunya Afshana, sebuah kota kecil sekarang wilayah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"&gt;Uzbekistan&lt;/a&gt; (bagian dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" title="Persia"&gt;Persia&lt;/a&gt;). Ayahnya, seorang sarjana terhormat &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismaili&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismaili (belum dibuat)"&gt;Ismaili&lt;/a&gt;, berasal dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balkh&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkh (belum dibuat)"&gt;Balkh&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_Khorasan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater Khorasan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Khorasan&lt;/a&gt;, dan pada saat kelahiran putranya dia adalah gubernur suatu daerah di salah satu pemukiman &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samanids&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samanids (belum dibuat)"&gt;Nuh ibn Mansur&lt;/a&gt;, sekarang wilayah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt; (dan juga Persia). Dia menginginkan putranya dididik dengan baik di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara"&gt;Bukhara&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Meskipun secara tradisional dipengaruhi oleh cabang Islam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismaili&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismaili (belum dibuat)"&gt;Ismaili&lt;/a&gt;, pemikiran Ibnu Sina independen dengan memiliki kepintaran dan ingatan luar biasa, yang mengizinkannya menyusul para gurunya pada usia 14 tahun.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ibn Sina dididik dibawah tanggung jawab seorang guru, dan kepandaiannya segera membuatnya menjadi kekaguman diantara para tetangganya; dia menampilkan suatu pengecualian sikap &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intellect&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Intellect (belum dibuat)"&gt;intellectual&lt;/a&gt; dan seorang anak yang luar biasa kepandaiannya / &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_prodigy&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Child prodigy (belum dibuat)"&gt;Child prodigy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; yang telah menghafal &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Quran" title="Al-Quran" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Al-Quran&lt;/a&gt; pada usia 5 tahun dan juga seorang ahli puisi Persia. Dari seorang pedagan sayur dia mempelajari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmatika" title="Aritmatika" class="mw-redirect"&gt;aritmatika&lt;/a&gt;, dan dia memulai untuk belajar yang lain dari seorang sarjana yang memperoleh suatu mata pencaharian dari merawat orang sakit dan mengajar anak muda.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Meskipun bermasalah besar pada masalah - masalah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika"&gt;metafisika&lt;/a&gt; dan pada beberapa tulisan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles"&gt;Aristoteles&lt;/a&gt;. Sehingga, untuk satu setengah tahun berikutnya, dia juga mempelajari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi" class="mw-redirect"&gt;filosofi&lt;/a&gt;, dimana dia menghadapi banyak rintangan. pada beberapa penyelidikan yang membingungkan, dia akan meninggalkan buku - bukunya, mengambil air wudhu, lalu pergi ke &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid" title="Masjid"&gt;masjid&lt;/a&gt;, dan terus sholat sampai hidayah menyelesaikan kesulitan - kesulitannya. Pada larut malam dia akan melanjutkan kegiatan belajarnya, menstimulasi perasaannya dengan kadangkala segelas susu kambing, dan meskipun dalam mimpinya masalah akan mengikutinya dan memberikan solusinya. Empat puluh kali, dikatakan, dia membaca &lt;i&gt;Metaphysics&lt;/i&gt; dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles"&gt;Aristoteles&lt;/a&gt;, sampai kata - katanya tertulis dalam ingatannya; tetapi artinya tak dikenal, sampai suatu hari mereka menemukan pencerahan, dari uraian singkat oleh &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farabi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Farabi (belum dibuat)"&gt;Farabi&lt;/a&gt;, yang dibelinya di suatu &lt;i&gt;bookstall&lt;/i&gt; seharga tiga dirham. Yang sangat mengagumkan adalah kesenangannya pada penemuan, yang dibuat dengan bantuan yang dia harapkan hanya misteri, yang mempercepat untuk berterima kasih kepada Allah SWT, dan memberikan sedekah atas orang miskin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Dia mempelajari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran"&gt;kedokteran&lt;/a&gt; pada usia 16, dan tidak hanya belajar teori kedokteran, tetapi melalui pelayanan pada orang sakit, melalui perhitungannya sendiri, menemukan metode - metode baru dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perawatan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perawatan (belum dibuat)"&gt;perawatan&lt;/a&gt;. Anak muda ini memperoleh predikat sebagai seorang fisikawan pada usia 18 tahun dan menemukan bahwa "Kedokteran tidaklah ilmu yang sulit ataupun menjengkelkan, seperti &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika"&gt;matematika&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika"&gt;metafisika&lt;/a&gt;, sehingga saya cepat memperoleh kemajuan; saya menjadi dokter yang sangat baik dan mulai merawat para pasien, menggunakan obat - obat yang sesuai." Kemasyuran sang fisikawan muda menyebar dengan cepat, dan dia merawat banyak pasien tanpa meminta bayaran.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Pekerjaan pertamanya menjadi fisikawan untuk &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir" title="Emir"&gt;emir&lt;/a&gt;, yang diobatinya dari suatu penyakit yang berbahaya. Majikan Ibnu Sina memberinya hadiah atas hal tersebut dengan memberinya akses ke &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan" title="Perpustakaan"&gt;perpustakaan&lt;/a&gt; raja &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samanids&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samanids (belum dibuat)"&gt;Samanids&lt;/a&gt;, pendukung pendidikan dan ilmu. Ketika perpustakaan dihancurkan oleh api tidak lama kemudian, musuh - musuh Ibnu Sina menuduh din oa yang membakarnya, dengan tujuan untuk menyembunyikan sumber pengetahuannya. Sementara itu, Ibnu Sina membantu ayahnya dalam pekerjaannya, tetapi tetap meluangkan waktu untuk menulis beberapa karya paling awalnya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ketika Ibnu Sina berusia 22 tahun, ayahnya meninggal.&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samanid_dynasty&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samanid dynasty (belum dibuat)"&gt;Samanid dynasty&lt;/a&gt; menuju keruntuhannya pada Desember &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1004" title="1004"&gt;1004&lt;/a&gt;. Ibnu Sina menolak pemberian &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_of_Ghazni&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmud of Ghazni (belum dibuat)"&gt;Mahmud of Ghazni&lt;/a&gt;, dan menuju kearah Barat ke &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urgench&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Urgench (belum dibuat)"&gt;Urgench&lt;/a&gt; di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"&gt;Uzbekistan&lt;/a&gt; modern, dimana &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier" class="mw-redirect"&gt;vizier&lt;/a&gt;, dianggap sebagai teman seperguruan, memberinya gaji kecil bulanan. Tetapi gajinya kecil, sehingga Ibnu Sina mengembara dari satu tempat ke tempat lain melalui distrik &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nishapur&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nishapur (belum dibuat)"&gt;Nishapur&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merv&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Merv (belum dibuat)"&gt;Merv&lt;/a&gt; ke perbatasan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khorasan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Khorasan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Khorasan&lt;/a&gt;, mencari suatu &lt;i&gt;opening&lt;/i&gt; untuk bakat - bakatnya. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shams_al-Ma%27%C3%A4li_Q%C3%A4btis&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shams al-Ma'äli Qäbtis (belum dibuat)"&gt;Shams al-Ma'äli Qäbtis&lt;/a&gt;, sang dermawan pengatur &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dailam&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dailam (belum dibuat)"&gt;Dailam&lt;/a&gt;, seorang penyair dan sarjana, yang mana Ibn Sina mengharapkan menemukan tempat berlindung, dimana sekitar tahun (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1052" title="1052"&gt;1052&lt;/a&gt;) meninggal dibunuh oleh pasukannya yang memberontak. Ibnu Sina sendiri pada saat itu terkena penyakit yang sangat parah. Akhirnya, di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorgan&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorgan (belum dibuat)"&gt;Gorgan&lt;/a&gt;, dekat &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laut_Kaspi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Laut Kaspi (belum dibuat)"&gt;Laut Kaspi&lt;/a&gt;, Ibnu Sina bertamu dengan seorang teman, yang membeli sebuah ruman didekat rumahnya sendiri idmana Ibnu Sina belajar &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika"&gt;logika&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi"&gt;astronomi&lt;/a&gt;. Beberapa dari buku panduan Ibnu Sina ditulis untuk orang ini ; dan permulaan dari buku &lt;i&gt;Canon of Medicine&lt;/i&gt; juga dikerjakan sewaktu dia tinggal di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyrcania (belum dibuat)"&gt;Hyrcania&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Kematian" id="Kematian"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;font class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibnu_Sina&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Kematian"&gt;sunting&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font class="mw-headline"&gt;Kematian&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ibnu Sina wafat pada tahun 1037 M di Hamadan, Iran, karena penyakit maag yang kronis. Beliau wafat ketika sedang mengajar di sebuah sekolah.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Karya_Ibnu_Sina" id="Karya_Ibnu_Sina"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;font class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibnu_Sina&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Karya Ibnu Sina"&gt;sunting&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font class="mw-headline"&gt;Karya Ibnu Sina&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Qanun fi Thib (Canon of Medicine)(Terjemahan bebas:Aturan Pengobatan)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Asy Syifa (terdiri dari 18 jilid berisi tentang berbagai macam ilmu pengetahuan)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;An Najat&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Lihat_pula" id="Lihat_pula"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;font class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibnu_Sina&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula"&gt;sunting&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font class="mw-headline"&gt;Lihat pula&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Filsuf" title="Daftar Filsuf" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Daftar Filsuf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendikiawan_Muslim" title="Cendikiawan Muslim" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Cendikiawan Muslim&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Pranala_luar" id="Pranala_luar"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;font class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibnu_Sina&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar"&gt;sunting&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font class="mw-headline"&gt;Pranala luar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.avicenna.h80.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.avicenna.h80.org/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Ibn Sina - Avicenna&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6886076941189282716-4333208203845848105?l=falcomfire.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/feeds/4333208203845848105/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6886076941189282716&amp;postID=4333208203845848105' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/4333208203845848105'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/4333208203845848105'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/2008/09/ibnu-sina.html' title='Ibnu Sina'/><author><name>farhan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13737463715496313059</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='12294366802893612215'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6886076941189282716.post-774393763107191493</id><published>2008-09-04T20:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-06T09:00:13.727-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Albert Einstein</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 style="text-align: justify;" class="firstHeading"&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;   &lt;!-- start content --&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" class="image" title="Albert Einstein, foto oleh Oren J. Turner tahun 1947."&gt;&lt;img alt="Albert Einstein, foto oleh Oren J. Turner tahun 1947." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/180px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="234" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" class="internal" title="Perbesar"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Albert Einstein, foto oleh Oren J. Turner tahun 1947.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Albert Einstein&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_Maret" title="14 Maret"&gt;14 Maret&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879" title="1879"&gt;1879&lt;/a&gt;–&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_April" title="18 April"&gt;18 April&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955" title="1955"&gt;1955&lt;/a&gt;) adalah seorang &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmuwan" title="Ilmuwan"&gt;ilmuwan&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_teoretis" title="Fisika teoretis"&gt;fisika teoretis&lt;/a&gt; yang dipandang luas sebagai ilmuwan terbesar dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-20" title="Abad ke-20"&gt;abad ke-20&lt;/a&gt;. Dia mengemukakan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_relativitas" title="Teori relativitas"&gt;teori relativitas&lt;/a&gt; dan juga banyak menyumbang bagi pengembangan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum"&gt;mekanika kuantum&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_statistik" title="Mekanika statistik" class="mw-redirect"&gt;mekanika statistik&lt;/a&gt;, dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi"&gt;kosmologi&lt;/a&gt;. Dia dianugerahi &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel_dalam_Fisika" title="Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisika" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisika&lt;/a&gt; pada tahun 1921 untuk penjelasannya tentang &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efek_fotoelektrik" title="Efek fotoelektrik" class="mw-redirect"&gt;efek fotoelektrik&lt;/a&gt; dan "pengabdiannya bagi Fisika Teoretis".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Setelah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_relativitas_umum" title="Teori relativitas umum" class="mw-redirect"&gt;teori relativitas umum&lt;/a&gt; dirumuskan, Einstein menjadi terkenal ke seluruh dunia, pencapaian yang tidak biasa bagi seorang ilmuwan. Di masa tuanya, keterkenalannya melampaui ketenaran semua ilmuwan dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah"&gt;sejarah&lt;/a&gt;, dan dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budaya_populer&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya populer (belum dibuat)"&gt;budaya populer&lt;/a&gt;, kata &lt;i&gt;Einstein&lt;/i&gt; dianggap bersinonim dengan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan" title="Kecerdasan"&gt;kecerdasan&lt;/a&gt; atau bahkan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenius" title="Jenius"&gt;jenius&lt;/a&gt;. Wajahnya merupakan salah satu yang paling dikenal di seluruh dunia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 161px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Einstein_TIME_Person_of_the_Century.jpg" class="image" title="Albert Einstein, Tokoh Abad Ini (Person of the Century)"&gt;&lt;img alt="Albert Einstein, Tokoh Abad Ini (Person of the Century)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/a/a7/Einstein_TIME_Person_of_the_Century.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="209" width="159" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Einstein_TIME_Person_of_the_Century.jpg" class="internal" title="Perbesar"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Albert Einstein, Tokoh Abad Ini (Person of the Century)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" title="1999"&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;, Einstein dinamakan "Tokoh Abad Ini" oleh majalah &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="Time" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Time&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Kepopulerannya juga membuat nama "Einstein" digunakan secara luas dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklan" title="Iklan"&gt;iklan&lt;/a&gt; dan barang dagangan lain, dan akhirnya "Albert Einstein" didaftarkan sebagai &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk_dagang" title="Merk dagang" class="mw-redirect"&gt;merk dagang&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Untuk menghargainya, sebuah satuan dalam &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotokimia" title="Fotokimia"&gt;fotokimia&lt;/a&gt; dinamai &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_%28satuan%29" title="Einstein (satuan)"&gt;einstein&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, sebuah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia"&gt;unsur kimia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"&gt;einsteinium&lt;/a&gt;, dan sebuah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid"&gt;asteroid&lt;/a&gt; dinamai &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Einstein" title="2001 Einstein"&gt;2001 Einstein&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; dinamai &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Rumus Einstein yang paling terkenal adalah (lihat &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%3Dmc%C2%B2" title="E=mc²"&gt;E=mc²&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;img class="tex" alt=" E = mc^2 \!" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/4/f/34fbb183908967c0e1a14ebc05e2c250.png" /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" id="toc" class="toc" summary="Daftar isi"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Daftar isi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;[&lt;a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink"&gt;sembunyikan&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#Biografi"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Biografi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#Masa_muda_dan_universitas"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Masa muda dan universitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#Kerja_dan_Gelar_Doktor"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Kerja dan Gelar Doktor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#Gerakan_Brown"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.2.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Gerakan Brown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#Pranala_luar"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Pranala luar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#Pranala_luar_2"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Pranala luar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;![CDATA[  if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "tampilkan"; var tocHideText = "sembunyikan"; showTocToggle(); }  //]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a name="Biografi" id="Biografi"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Biografi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a name="Masa_muda_dan_universitas" id="Masa_muda_dan_universitas"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Masa muda dan universitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Einstein dilahirkan di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm"&gt;Ulm&lt;/a&gt; di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Württemberg&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman"&gt;Jerman&lt;/a&gt;; sekitar 100 km sebelah timur &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart"&gt;Stuttgart&lt;/a&gt;. Bapaknya bernama &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Einstein&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Einstein (belum dibuat)"&gt;Hermann Einstein&lt;/a&gt;, seorang penjual ranjang bulu yang kemudian menjalani pekerjaan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia"&gt;elektrokimia&lt;/a&gt;, dan ibunya bernama Pauline. Mereka menikah di Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. Keluarga mereka keturunan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi"&gt;Yahudi&lt;/a&gt;; Albert disekolahkan di &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sekolah_Katholik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekolah Katholik (belum dibuat)"&gt;sekolah Katholik&lt;/a&gt; dan atas keinginan ibunya dia diberi pelajaran &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola" title="Biola"&gt;biola&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Pada umur lima tahun, ayahnya menunjukkan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas"&gt;kompas&lt;/a&gt; kantung, dan Einstein menyadari bahwa sesuatu di ruang yang "kosong" ini beraksi terhadap jarum di kompas tersebut; dia kemudian menjelaskan pengalamannya ini sebagai salah satu saat yang paling menggugah dalam hidupnya. Meskipun dia membuat &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Model_%28fisika%29&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Model (fisika) (belum dibuat)"&gt;model&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_klasik" title="Mekanika klasik"&gt;alat mekanik&lt;/a&gt; sebagai hobi, dia dianggap sebagai pelajar yang lambat, kemungkinan disebabkan oleh &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia" class="mw-redirect"&gt;dyslexia&lt;/a&gt;, sifat &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemalu&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemalu (belum dibuat)"&gt;pemalu&lt;/a&gt;, atau karena struktur yang jarang dan tidak biasa pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak"&gt;otaknya&lt;/a&gt; (diteliti setelah kematiannya). Dia kemudian diberikan penghargaan untuk teori relativitasnya karena kelambatannya ini, dan berkata dengan berpikir dalam tentang ruang dan waktu dari anak-anak lainnya, dia mampu mengembangkan kepandaian yang lebih berkembang. Pendapat lainnya, berkembang belakangan ini, tentang perkembangan mentalnya adalah dia menderita &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_Asperger" title="Sindrom Asperger"&gt;Sindrom Asperger&lt;/a&gt;, sebuah kondisi yang berhubungan dengan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme"&gt;autisme&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Einstein mulai belajar &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika"&gt;matematika&lt;/a&gt; pada umur dua belas tahun. Ada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gosip&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gosip (belum dibuat)"&gt;gosip&lt;/a&gt; bahwa dia gagal dalam matematika dalam jenjang pendidikannya, tetapi ini tidak benar; penggantian dalam penilaian membuat bingung pada tahun berikutnya. Dua pamannya membantu mengembangkan ketertarikannya terhadap dunia intelek pada masa akhir kanak-kanaknya dan awal remaja dengan memberikan usulan dan buku tentang sains dan matematika.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894" title="1894"&gt;1894&lt;/a&gt;, dikarenakan kegagalan bisnis elektrokimia ayahnya, Einstein pindah dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Munich&lt;/a&gt; ke &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia"&gt;Pavia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia"&gt;Italia&lt;/a&gt; (dekat kota &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan" title="Milan"&gt;Milan&lt;/a&gt;). Albert tetap tinggal untuk menyelesaikan sekolah, menyelesaikan satu semester sebelum bergabung kembali dengan keluarganya di Pavia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Kegagalannya dalam seni liberal dalam tes masuk &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau"&gt;Aarau&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss"&gt;Swiss&lt;/a&gt;, untuk menyelesaikan sekolah menengahnya, di mana dia menerima diploma pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896" title="1896"&gt;1896&lt;/a&gt;, Einstein beberapa kali mendaftar di &lt;i&gt;Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule&lt;/i&gt;. Pada tahun berikutnya dia melepas kewarganegaraan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Württemberg&lt;/a&gt;, dan menjadi tak bekewarganegaraan.&lt;/span&gt; (Institut Teknologi Swiss Federal, di Zurich) pada tahun berikutnya adalah sebuah langkah mundur dia oleh keluarganya dikirim ke &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Einsteinhaus4.jpg" class="image" title="'Einsteinhaus' di kota Bern di mana Einstein dan Mileva tinggal (di lantai 1) pada masa Annus Mirabilis"&gt;&lt;img alt="'Einsteinhaus' di kota Bern di mana Einstein dan Mileva tinggal (di lantai 1) pada masa Annus Mirabilis" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Einsteinhaus4.jpg/250px-Einsteinhaus4.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="333" width="250" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Einsteinhaus4.jpg" class="internal" title="Perbesar"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; 'Einsteinhaus' di kota &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern" title="Bern"&gt;Bern&lt;/a&gt; di mana Einstein dan Mileva tinggal (di lantai 1) pada masa &lt;i&gt;Annus Mirabilis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898" title="1898"&gt;1898&lt;/a&gt;, Einstein menemui dan jatuh cinta kepada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileva_Maric" title="Mileva Maric"&gt;Mileva Marić&lt;/a&gt;, seorang &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"&gt;Serbia&lt;/a&gt; yang merupakan teman kelasnya (juga teman &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla"&gt;Nikola Tesla&lt;/a&gt;). Pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900" title="1900"&gt;1900&lt;/a&gt;, dia diberikan gelar untuk mengajar oleh &lt;i&gt;Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule&lt;/i&gt; dan diterima sebagai warga negar Swiss pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901" title="1901"&gt;1901&lt;/a&gt;. Selama masa ini Einstein mendiskusikan ketertarikannya terhadap sains kepada teman-teman dekatnya, termasuk Mileva. Dia dan Mileva memiliki seorang putri bernama Lieserl, lahir dalam bulan Januari tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902" title="1902"&gt;1902&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieserl_Einstein" title="Lieserl Einstein"&gt;Lieserl Einstein&lt;/a&gt;, pada waktu itu, dianggap tidak legal karena orang tuanya tidak menikah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a name="Kerja_dan_Gelar_Doktor" id="Kerja_dan_Gelar_Doktor"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Kerja dan Gelar Doktor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Pada saat kelulusannya Einstein tidak dapat menemukan pekerjaan mengajar, keterburuannya sebagai orang muda yang mudah membuat marah professornya. Ayah seorang teman kelas menolongnya mendapatkan pekerjaan sebagai asisten teknik pemeriksa di Kantor Paten Swiss pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902" title="1902"&gt;1902&lt;/a&gt;. Di sana, Einstein menilai aplikasi paten &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penemu" title="Penemu"&gt;penemu&lt;/a&gt; untuk alat yang memerlukan pengetahuan fisika. Dia juga belajar menyadari pentingnya aplikasi dibanding dengan penjelasan yang buruk, dan belajar dari direktur bagaimana "menjelaskan dirinya secara benar". Dia kadang-kadang membetulkan desain mereka dan juga mengevaluasi kepraktisan hasil kerja mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Einstein menikahi Mileva pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Januari" title="6 Januari"&gt;6 Januari&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903"&gt;1903&lt;/a&gt;. Pernikahan Einstein dengan Mileva, seorang matematikawan. Pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_Mei" title="14 Mei"&gt;14 Mei&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904" title="1904"&gt;1904&lt;/a&gt;, anak pertama dari pasangan ini, &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein" title="Hans Albert Einstein"&gt;Hans Albert Einstein&lt;/a&gt;, lahir. Pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904" title="1904"&gt;1904&lt;/a&gt;, posisi Einstein di Kantor Paten Swiss menjadi tetap. Dia mendapatkan gelar &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_Filosofi" title="Doktor Filosofi" class="mw-redirect"&gt;doktor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen&lt;/i&gt;" ("&lt;i&gt;On a new determination of molecular dimensions&lt;/i&gt;") pada tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905" title="1905"&gt;1905&lt;/a&gt; dari Universitas &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich"&gt;Zürich&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; setelah menyerahkan thesis "&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Di tahun yang sama dia menulis empat artikel yang memberikan dasar fisika modern, tanpa banyak &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sastra_sains&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sastra sains (belum dibuat)"&gt;sastra sains&lt;/a&gt; yang dapat ia tunjuk atau banyak kolega dalam sains yang dapat ia diskusikan tentang teorinya. Banyak fisikawan setuju bahwa ketiga thesis itu (tentang &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerak_Brownian&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerak Brownian (belum dibuat)"&gt;gerak Brownian&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efek_fotolistrik" title="Efek fotolistrik"&gt;efek fotolistrik&lt;/a&gt;, dan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitas_khusus" title="Relativitas khusus"&gt;relativitas khusus&lt;/a&gt;) pantas mendapat &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel" title="Penghargaan Nobel"&gt;Penghargaan Nobel&lt;/a&gt;. Tetapi hanya thesis tentang efek fotoelektrik yang mendapatkan penghargaan tersebut. Ini adalah sebuah &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironi" title="Ironi"&gt;ironi&lt;/a&gt;, bukan hanya karena Einstein lebih tahu banyak tentang relativitas, tetapi juga karena efek fotoelektrik adalah sebuah fenomena kuantum, dan Einstein menjadi terbebas dari jalan dalam teori kuantum. Yang membuat thesisnya luar biasa adalah, dalam setiap kasus, Einstein dengan yakin mengambil ide dari teori fisika ke konsekuensi logis dan berhasil menjelaskan hasil eksperimen yang membingungkan para ilmuwan selama beberapa dekade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Dia menyerahkan thesis-thesisnya ke "&lt;i&gt;Annalen der Physik&lt;/i&gt;". Mereka biasanya ditujukan kepada "&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annus_Mirabilis_Papers&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Annus Mirabilis Papers (belum dibuat)"&gt;Annus Mirabilis Papers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;" (dari &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin"&gt;Latin&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;i&gt;Tahun luar biasa&lt;/i&gt;). Persatuan Fisika Murni dan Aplikasi (&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IUPAP&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="IUPAP (belum dibuat)"&gt;IUPAP&lt;/a&gt;) merencanakan untuk merayakan 100 tahun publikasi pekerjaan Einstein di tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905" title="1905"&gt;1905&lt;/a&gt; sebagai Tahun Fisika 2005.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a name="Gerakan_Brown" id="Gerakan_Brown"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Gerakan Brown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 199px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Einstein_patentoffice-1-.jpg" class="image" title="Albert Einstein, 1905"&gt;&lt;img alt="Albert Einstein, 1905" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/3/3a/Einstein_patentoffice-1-.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="294" width="197" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Albert Einstein, 1905&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Di artikel pertamanya di tahun &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905" title="1905"&gt;1905&lt;/a&gt; bernama "&lt;i&gt;On the Motion—Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat—of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid&lt;/i&gt;", mencakup penelitian tentang &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_Brownian&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan Brownian (belum dibuat)"&gt;gerakan Brownian&lt;/a&gt;. Menggunakan &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_kinetik&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori kinetik (belum dibuat)"&gt;teori kinetik&lt;/a&gt; cairan yang pada saat itu kontroversial, dia menetapkan bahwa fenomena, yang masih kurang penjelasan yang memuaskan setelah beberapa dekade setelah ia pertama kali diamati, memberikan bukti empirik (atas dasar pengamatan dan eksperimen) kenyataan pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"&gt;atom&lt;/a&gt;. Dan juga meminjamkan keyakinan pada &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_statistika" title="Mekanika statistika"&gt;mekanika statistika&lt;/a&gt;, yang pada saat itu juga kontroversial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Sebelum thesis ini, atom dikenal sebagai konsep yang berguna, tetapi fisikawan dan kimiawan berdebat dengan sengit apakah atom itu benar-benar suatu benda yang nyata. Diskusi statistik Einstein tentang kelakuan atom memberikan pelaku eksperimen sebuah cara untuk menghitung atom hanya dengan melihat melalui mikroskop biasa. &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ostwald&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Ostwald (belum dibuat)"&gt;Wilhelm Ostwald&lt;/a&gt;, seorang pemimpin sekolah anti-atom, kemudian memberitahu &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Sommerfeld&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Sommerfeld (belum dibuat)"&gt;Arnold Sommerfeld&lt;/a&gt; bahwa ia telah berkonversi kepada penjelasan komplit Einstein tentang gerakan Brown.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a name="Pranala_luar" id="Pranala_luar"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Pranala luar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="center"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tnone"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Einstein_tongue.jpg" class="image" title="Albert Einstein, 1951 (saat ulang tahun ke 72, diambil oleh Arthur Sasse, photographer)"&gt;&lt;img alt="Albert Einstein, 1951 (saat ulang tahun ke 72, diambil oleh Arthur Sasse, photographer)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/8/86/Einstein_tongue.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="224" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Einstein_tongue.jpg" class="internal" title="Perbesar"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; Albert Einstein, 1951 (saat ulang tahun ke 72, diambil oleh Arthur Sasse, photographer)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a name="Pranala_luar_2" id="Pranala_luar_2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Pranala luar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cosmobrain.com.br/cosmoforum/viewtopic.php?t=118" class="external text" title="http://www.cosmobrain.com.br/cosmoforum/viewtopic.php?t=118" rel="nofollow"&gt;New teamses and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Prince&lt;/a&gt;. Project, Her Erich in portuguese.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="infobox sisterproject"&gt; &lt;div class="floatleft"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Wikiquote-logo-en.svg" class="image" title="Wikiquote-logo-en.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" border="0" height="50" width="50" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: 60px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote"&gt;Wikiquote&lt;/a&gt; memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 10px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/id:Albert_Einstein" class="extiw" title="q:id:Albert Einstein"&gt;Albert Einstein&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="infobox sisterproject"&gt; &lt;div class="floatleft"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="image" title="Commons-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" border="0" height="67" width="50" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="margin-left: 60px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt; memiliki galeri mengenai: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 10px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" class="extiw" title="commons:Albert Einstein"&gt;Albert Einstein&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table style="border: 1px dotted steelblue; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px; background: rgb(240, 240, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; clear: both; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-size: 92%; text-align: left;" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="padding: 2px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" width="1%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:David_face.png" class="image" title="David face.png"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/David_face.png/33px-David_face.png" border="0" height="30" width="33" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="plainlinks" style="padding: 5px; font-style: italic;" width="99%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Artikel mengenai &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biografi" title="Biografi"&gt;biografi&lt;/a&gt; tokoh ini adalah suatu &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulisan_rintisan" title="Wikipedia:Tulisan rintisan"&gt;tulisan rintisan&lt;/a&gt;. Anda dapat &lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cari_dan_perbaiki_stub" title="Wikipedia:Cari dan perbaiki stub"&gt;membantu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Einstein&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" title="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Einstein&amp;amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow"&gt;mengembangkannya&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; Wikipedia &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6886076941189282716-774393763107191493?l=falcomfire.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/feeds/774393763107191493/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6886076941189282716&amp;postID=774393763107191493' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/774393763107191493'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6886076941189282716/posts/default/774393763107191493'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://falcomfire.blogspot.com/2008/09/albert-einstein.html' title='Albert Einstein'/><author><name>farhan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13737463715496313059</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='12294366802893612215'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry></feed>